The Rise of Fascism in Italy: From Constitutional Monarchy to Totalitarian State
Executive power belonged to the King who exercises it through the government, with ministers, which may be impeached by the House and tried by the Senate. The average duration of 70 governments between 1848 and 1922 there was just over a year and dissolutions of the House were normal. Political practice was changing the meaning of the statute, and evolved into a parliamentary system, among other reasons because the successive kings did not abuse their powers. Until the 80s the system could be described as Orleanist (need to double confidence) and then move to a parliamentary system. The coalitions that formed in parliament, with games tables, weak and unstable, which reached a two-party system like Britain, were the center-right or center-left, following the definition of Prime Minister Cavour, the connubial (marriage) between both centers, to oppose Catholics and Republicans. Another Prime Minister, Depetris theorized the formula of evolution, which consists of a set of exchanges of money and favors to try to strengthen the parliamentary majority center-left and make almost impossible the parliamentary opposition on the right. / / The high turnout (40%), clientelism facilitated by single-member districts, and the withdrawal of Catholics from the political system meant that participate in only a narrow band of citizens. The situation changed after 1913 when, after obtaining the voteand universal male fear of socialist advance, allowed the participation of Catholics, who made an alliance with the moderate liberals, the Covenant Gentiloni. The Socialists and Catholics Liberals steal space. / / The frustration at the Victoria mutilated the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 that failed to meet Italian territorial, economic crises of the postwar period, the success of the Russian revolution and the revolutionary ferment the proletariat and the Italian peasantry and the difficulties of reintegration of former combatants, with the emergence of a nationalist movement led by poet Gabriel DAnnunzio, were factors that facilitated an ex-socialist, Benito Mussolini, became a spokesperson for those heterogeneous training movements and ideology and in 1919 founded the Italian Fascists of Combat, then Fascist Party.
After a period of violence fascist, Mussolini conducted in 1922 March on Rome and the king commissioned him to form a government, voted by an absolute majority in the House, which gave him full powers. His goal was to establish a totalitarian system, which succeeded in a few years, keeping the Constitution but empty of content. / / In 1923, limited press freedom is also lifted a year later, establishing the Fascist Militia for National Security and adopting a new electoral law, theAcerbo Act.
In the 1924 elections fascist list acquired 65% of the vote, amid a violent election period for the actions of fascist brigade. The assassination of socialist leader Matteotti, who had denounced the violence, the withdrawal of parliamentary opposition, the refusal of the King to dismiss Mussolini after he assumed the historical and moral responsibility for the murder of Matteotti and converting in-Chief Government and Prime Minister allowed the laws fascistissimas November 1926: dissolution of political parties, establishment of the Tribunal for the Defense of the State, with reinstatement of the death penalty.
1.3.The Mussolini’s rise to power.
Mussolini in 1925 became Prime Minister, Prime Minister, with military power since 1926 and head of the Fascist Grand Council.
The fascist system set up its own institutions, overlapping those of the Albertine Statute. Everything in the State, nothing against the State, nothing outside the state (Mussolini). The state is the legal expression of the nation, so that sovereignty is an attribute of the state and not the people. Thus in 1928 the House became the fascist Parliament, under the Grand Council, with representation from professions and other organizations. Only the king can actually survive and Senado.Por law, Mussolini becomes President of the Council of Ministers, effective headline of Power, the Capo di Governo, appointed by the King, and has joined the Fascist Party headquarters. Accountable for their actions only to the King and not to the cameras. The ministers are responsible only to the Capo di Governo and this of them before the King. Approves the agenda of the Chambers and the Grand Council and could legislate by decree-laws still required to account for them in the House within two years.