The Reign of Isabel II (1843-1868): Political Upheavals and Colonial Conflicts
Isabel II. 1843-1868: THE REIGN CASH
In 1843, voted most of Isabel II, which began well with 13, his reign cash. This lasted twenty years and was characterized by several facts to be a very conservative trend period, regulated by the Constitution of 1845, for being an authoritarian regime, advocates of a strong monarchy, which limited and restricted social reforms individual freedoms, acting repressive. It is also noteworthy that the queen was active in political life. The first ten years of effective rule were characterized by General Narvaez, leader of the moderates. This was the main inspiration behind the Constitution of 1845, kept the army away from politics left the stage to other dirigentes.La Constitution of 1845. It declared the exclusivity of the Catholic religion, abolished the National Military (controlled by progressives), and in terms of state powers, the Constitution divided the legislative power between the Parliament and the King. Legales.La press law changes restricting the freedom to publish and strengthened censorship Civil Guard was established (to maintain order and protect property in rural areas) adopted a reform of the Treasury, in 1854 the courts were suspended , and the government acted in an authoritarian manner. Vicálvaro (the Vicalvaro). Other military leaders then joined the coup, and forced Isabel II to give the general government Espartero, with O’Donnell as Minister of War. Which formed a new political force, the union won a clear majority over the next two years, with the support of pure progressive (progressive biennium (1854-1856)). E l Biennium took place in a climate of constant upheaval marked by the epidemic of cholera. But in 1863 O’Donnell resigned. The new government was now headed by Serrano, Prim and Sagasta.Este military coup led by several generals called the Glorious fur. One day after the insurgent forces to defeat the government, Elizabeth II was exiled to Irun. Once you have your exile.
The Congress elected Figueras, a moderate Republican, as head of the Republic, which arose irregularly and without political support. Outside, only the U.S. And Switzerland supported the new regime. Inside, the conservatives refused, therefore, considered it revolutionary. The Republican movement itself was divided between the Federalists (supporters of a federal state), and the Unionists (supporters of a centralized state.) The Republic was faced with peasant uprisings, attempts at insurrection and a coup attempt, which the Government could stop in time. To make matters worse, Figueras resigned, ceding the post of president and Margall Pi. Courts were quick to draft the new Constitution of 1873, but it never entered into force. And, cantonal revolution broke out, and the country entered into a revolutionary process that eventually engulf the Republic. The federalist groups rose up in Cartagena, proclaiming the canton (territorial unit in which a country can be subdivided) and taking control of the fleet. Cantons and quickly proclaimed revolutionary Boards were formed. Meanwhile, the Carlist, who had exploited the chaotic situation of Spain, seized power in many cities. In this situation, unable to gain control, Pi and Margall resigned. The new president, Salmeron, initiated a right turn. Gave full powers to the army, stopped all outbreaks of rebellion and restored the death penalty.But eventually chose to resign before they have to sign two sentences substituted muerte.Le Castelar, who stressed the authoritarian turn. Immediately restored villas, suspended several constitutional rights and the revolution finally suppressed. Cartagena only resisted his power. But finally, Castelar was defeated in a confidence vote. His downfall precipitated the coup led by Gen. Pavia. The place, it announced a definitive end to the First Republic.
In Cuba there was an uprising for independence which became an island-wide uprising against the metropolis. The war was due to growth of the Indian independence movement, but also the mistakes committed by Cuban war España.La went through several phases. Initially, the Liberal government attempted a policy of negotiation and Martínez Campos sent to the island. But it failed and had to return to Spain. In addition, the military situation worsened, to join a colonial uprising in Filipinas.El Cánovas new government then sent to General Weyler, an expert on Cuba, who regained all the territory. The lines split by fortified camps focused on the civilian population to avoid that could support the assassination of Canovas guerrilleros.Tras, Sagasta formed a government and tried to start a new project for wider autonomy, with government own parliament and the same rights as Spaniards. Weyler and finally replaced by the new Government took office cubano.Pero at the time the U.S. Decided to intervene. The incident that led to the outbreak of war was the explosion of the battleship Maine, anchored in the bay of Havana, which caused many deaths, and had been sent to Cuba to protect American interests on the island. U.S. Blamed on Spain, which would guarantee security in the Washington government marina.The then proposed buying the island and in the foreseeable Spanish refusal issued an ultimatum threatening war with Spain in three days if not resign sovereignty. The war began in the Philippines.
Although at first it seemed that the situation was dominated by Spain, the U.S. Bases ended up destroying the Spanish fleet and conquered Manila, capital of the Philippines. Finally, Spain was forced to seek an armistice. By the Treaty of Paris, resigned from Cuba and the U.S. Gave the Philippines, Puerto Rico and the island of Guam in the Marianas. In addition, he yielded to Germany by the Treaty between Spain and Germany, the rest of the Marianas, the Carolines and Palau, in exchange for money. The Disaster of 1898 was not the sole effect of loss of the colonies. He assumed, moreover, a real crisis in the conscience of the Spanish, a high mortality, psychological and moral damage of the survivors, the material losses, a political crisis, and a great military prestige, then, was clearly the weakness of the forces military. After the defeat, political leaders and intellectuals were surprised that neither war nor the disaster caused Cuban nationalist fervor. The public accepted the defeat with resignation and fatalism.