The Magic Number 7 and Working Memory: A Comprehensive Study
George Miller 7+/- items, internal mental processes->manageable chunks
STM: Brwn/Pet Tech-material in memory>1min=forget.(remember items, back by 3s as a distractor; try recall): rehearsal improves recall!
– Ser.Pos.Effect: 1st&last in a series best, mid worst. RecEffect: last info>first info. PriEffect: first info > mid/end
– Wick: Proact.Inter (PI), used B&P but varied semantic similarity(trial 4 most PI), no PI when category of items shifted
– Atkin/Shiff Mod of Info Pro: a) similar to computer operations b) series of stages, one step at a time
sensory – short term – long term – control processes (like rehearsal that improve memory)
v Sensory memory seen as perception rather than memory. What is the clear-cut distinction between them?
WM (stm, is it ltm?): Badde/Hitch – brief, immediate memory for the limited amount of material you are processing. random #s and spatial reasoning task, performance remarkable on both simult tasks
– approach: immediate memory, multipart system, temp holds and manips info while cog tasks are performed (CEN EXE, visuo sketch, episodic buff, phono loop, long term memory) NOT UNITARY & can handle mult tasks at once
– Phono loop (active dur subvocalization): processes limited # of sounds for short period. a) likely to confuse sim sounding stim b) Badde gave list of letts, visually c) few errors when letts dont sound sim d) converted vis letts to sound-based code. WM as a gateway to ltm. Phono loop during self-instruction. New words in 1st lang. Producing new lang. Math and problem solving. Frontal lobe and left temp lobe: RomLaur (Trans Mag Stim TMS), left while proc long but simp sent and left front and par when rehear and storing complex lengthy sent
Visuo Sketch activate several regions in right hem. Occ lobe, vis percp. Front cor, info. front and par, attention.
Cen Exe: plans/coordinates, no storing. decides what gets attention/how to solve and strategy. v simult tasks
– Teas: daydream+cen exe. random# task, produce 1 dig every sec, parti. who thought abt # vs daydreamed. both sides of front region of cortex.
– in common with exe attent net: top down cont of attent, conscious awareness of goal direct. behav. tasks correlated to ones used to study prefront exe attent net
Epis Buff: temp storage that combines info from phono, visuo, and ltm. manipu info for interpret. added to Badde model. connections between concepts. limited cap. temp memory syst (rep created store in ltm)
! scores on WM tasks -> overall intelligence and grades. tests of WM (phono) -> reading ability. cen exe -> verbal fluency, reading comp, reasoning, note taking
– Chris/Mac: major dep and decreased perf in phono, visuo, and cenexe. difficulty concent and ruminative style. ADHD struggle cenexe tasks, decreased vis and verb WM tasks, larger visuo WM impairments
– episodic mem=personal, semantic=organized knowl, procedural=how to do, encoding=process info&rep in mem, retrieval=you locate info in storage&access that info
levels-of-proc: more meaning stim=deeper lop. distinctiveness. elaboration. Self-Ref Effect: relating info to yourself. Rogers: worst recall in vis&acous char. groups. best recall in self-ref (rehearsed more). positive instances more than negative.
encoding-specific prin: better recall if context in retrieval is sim to encoding context. recall vs recogn, life vs lab, short vs long delay. meaning vs appearance. Marian/Faus: bilingual research. relative accurac if story and answers in same lang. can OVERRIDE lop: Brans (lop tasks during encoding, rhyming vs meaning of word), better on rhym if shall encod perf first, semantic process effective only if conditions emphasize deeper features
retrieval: even if they cant remember during explicit mem tasks but can using implicit mem task. Dissociation effects.
– Amnesia, severe deficits in episodic memory. Retro amnesia, loss of memory for events prior to damage. Anter amnesia, cant form memory for events after damage. Warring/Weis: poor perf in explicit, implicit did well as control
– Consistency bias: exaggerate consistency between past feelings/beliefs and our current viewpoint
– Source monitoring: identifying the origin of a mem. Reality monitoring: identify whether an event occurred/imagined
– Flashbulb mems (Tal/Rub): recalling details of emotional events like 9/11
– Eyewitness and PI (new material interferes with old) and RI (old material interferes with new). Misinformation effect caused by faulty source monitoring and constructivist approach.
– Pollyanna Prin: pleasant items processed more efficiently and accurately than less pleasant
Roed/McDer: lists of associated words, false recall rate of 55% (intrusion errors), each word commonly associated with a missing word
– Betrayal Trauma (Freyd): how a child will respond when a trusted one sexually abuses them
– Metacognition: knowledge about cog proc and your control over them.
– Hierarchy Tech: organize items in a series of classes from general to specific. Bower: recalled 3x as many words
– Narrative Tech: make up stories that link words. Bower: subjects recalled 6x more words
– Prospective mem: focuses on action (what you need to do). Retrospective: remembering info and ideas. Borth more accurate if distinctive encoding and retrieval cues used and short delay prior to retrieval. Both frontal lobe.
– Foresignt bias: people overestimate thr # of answers they will get in future test. Dunning: more competent students more accurate in assessing
– Students spend majority of study time on easy things rather than the unmastered
– Metacomprehension: assessment of how much you understand in language