The Liberalism in Spain: From the Constitution of 1812 to the Reign of Ferdinand VII
The Early Liberalism and the Constitution of 1812
The Cortes of Cadiz
During the War of Independence and the Regency, the need for a Cortes (parliament) arose. Deputies from various territories, representing the three estates of the Ancien Régime, gathered in Cadiz. Congressman Muñoz Torrero, in his inaugural address, highlighted the need for changes in the state’s organization, including national sovereignty, the division of powers, and the abolition of a class-based society. The deputies belonged to three ideological currents: absolutists who wanted the return of Ferdinand VII, reformers who sought moderate changes towards a liberal state, and liberals who desired profound transformations. The Cortes of Cadiz undertook a significant legislative task: the dismantling of the Ancien Régime.
The Constitution of 1812
Gatherings in Cadiz showcased diverse political opinions and debates, leading to intense discussions until the promulgation of the first Spanish Constitution on March 19, 1812 (known as “La Pepa”). This constitution defined national sovereignty and established a constitutional monarchy as the form of state. It also enshrined the separation of powers, with legislative power being shared. It addressed crucial issues of equality before the law, ending noble and clerical privileges, and granting suffrage to men over 25 years old. The Constitution of 1812 established Catholicism as the official religion of Spain. These developments had significant implications for other European countries.
The Reign of Ferdinand VII
The Absolutist Term (1814-1820)
The return of Ferdinand VII in 1814 marked the beginning of a six-year period of absolutist rule. The monarch reinstated the Inquisition and suppressed individual freedoms and rights. Ferdinand VII persecuted liberals who defended constitutional ideas, some even facing death for their beliefs. Attempts to restore the Constitution during this time were primarily led by military figures. A large part of the bourgeoisie distanced itself from Ferdinand VII’s plans, leading to a decline in his popularity.
The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)
In 1820, Colonel Riego proclaimed the Constitution of 1812 in Las Cabezas de San Juan. After a few weeks of hesitation, Ferdinand VII accepted the Constitution in March, initiating the Liberal Triennium. Strong differences emerged within the liberal movement, with moderates supporting the restoration of the 1812 Constitution and progressives advocating for a new text. In 1823, a French army under the Duke of Angoulême crossed the Pyrenees unopposed. The Liberal government retreated to Cadiz, taking Ferdinand VII with them.
The Absolutist Decade (1823-1833)
Ferdinand VII was reinstated as an absolute monarch with the support of the Holy Alliance. The king considered all acts of the liberal government illegal, leading to the closure of universities and educational institutions. Notable figures like Mariana Pineda were victims of this repression. A period of moderate absolutism followed in 1826, replacing the previous radical and regressive policies. Absolutists rallied around Ferdinand’s brother, Carlos, as the heir apparent. However, Ferdinand VII designated his daughter, Isabella, as his successor, despite the prevailing law preventing female monarchs. Upon Ferdinand’s death in 1833, a succession crisis and ideological conflict ensued, paving the way for a more liberal state.