The Fall of Franco’s Regime: From Internal Conflicts to International Pressure
Franconism’s Decline
Internal divisions plagued the Franco regime. While some Franconists advocated for minimal freedoms, conservative factions vehemently opposed any change.
Franco’s stance on these divisions varied, but he often sided with the ultra-conservatives. In 1972, he reaffirmed his traditionalist principles: the National Movement remained the sole legal political party, Catholicism was the state religion, and economic development justified the regime’s existence.
In 1973, Franco formed a new government. He appointed himself Head of State, with Carrero Blanco as Head of Government and Arias Navarro responsible for public order.
The “Ogro Operation” and its Aftermath
Franco’s plans were abruptly disrupted on December 20, 1973, when ETA members assassinated Carrero Blanco. This event significantly impacted the regime’s future. As a staunch defender of Francoism, Carrero Blanco was seen as the key to its survival after Franco’s death.
The “1001 Process”
Coinciding with Carrero Blanco’s assassination, the “1001 Process” commenced. Ten members of the Workers’ Commissions faced trial, resulting in imprisonment for many. They were only released after Franco’s death.
Arias Navarro’s Unexpected Liberalization
Following Carrero Blanco’s death, Franco appointed Arias Navarro as Head of Government. While many anticipated increased repression, Arias Navarro surprised the public with limited liberal measures. He granted the right to form political associations, expanded union freedoms, and allowed for greater citizen participation.
The press also experienced significant changes. Information became more realistic, with magazines and newspapers publishing diverse political opinions. The regime even tolerated some opposition activities.
The Añoveros Case and Church-State Relations
In February 1974, Bishop Añoveros of Bilbao published a pastoral letter supporting the Basque language. The government responded by imprisoning him. This action strained Church-State relations, with Pope Paul VI reportedly considering excommunicating Franco. The government eventually backed down and released Añoveros.
Franco’s Illness and Growing Discontent
During Franco’s serious illness, Prince Juan Carlos was designated Head of Government. Although Franco recovered and resumed power, the regime’s fragility became evident.
Public discontent intensified, fueled by the 1973 economic crisis. The Arab-Israeli War triggered a surge in oil prices, plunging Spain and other nations into economic turmoil.
Adding to the unrest, the FRAP (Revolutionary Anti-Fascist Patriotic Front) emerged alongside ETA, actively opposing the dictatorship. Political parties and anti-Franco institutions seized the opportunity to prepare for a democratic transition.
The Rise of Democratic Opposition
In July 1974, the Democratic Junta, a coalition of political parties and unions, was established in Paris. A year later, in June 1975, the Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) spearheaded the creation of the Democratic Convergence Platform. This platform garnered support from numerous political parties and European countries.
The Regime’s Last Stand
The government responded to the growing opposition with intensified repression, including death penalty sentences that drew international condemnation. Despite retracting death sentences in the Burgos Trial, the regime sought to maintain its authority. On September 27, 1975, five people were executed, sparking widespread outrage.
The “Green March” and Spain’s Weakness
As Spain’s last remaining colony, the Sahara became a point of contention. The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi independence movement, demanded self-determination. The Spanish government considered holding a referendum on the territory’s future.
Exploiting Spain’s vulnerability during Franco’s illness and Prince Juan Carlos’s temporary leadership, Morocco asserted its claim over the Sahara. Moroccan forces crossed the border, effectively annexing the territory. Despite protests and threats, the Spanish government took no decisive action.
On November 18, Morocco and Mauritania agreed to partition the Sahara.
Franco’s Death and Legacy
On November 1, 1975, Franco orchestrated a demonstration to showcase his regime’s support. This marked his final public appearance, during which he denounced the regime’s traditional enemies: Freemasons and communists. His health deteriorated rapidly, and he died on November 20.
Franco’s political testament reaffirmed his regime’s core principles: Catholic faith, Spanish nationalism, strong government, disdain for democracy, and the identification of Spain with Franco himself.