The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution
The Enlightenment
Key Features
The Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural transformation, was characterized by several essential features:
- Predominance of Reason: Reason was elevated as the primary criterion for truth, challenging traditional authority, superstition, and the supernatural.
- Critical Thinking: A critical approach was employed to scrutinize societal norms and institutions.
- Individual Autonomy: The Enlightenment championed individual rights and freedoms.
- Religious Tolerance: It advocated for tolerance and separation of church and state.
- Economic Progress: There was a growing interest in economic development and material progress.
- Education: Education was seen as a crucial tool for disseminating reason and knowledge.
- Scientific Inquiry: The Enlightenment emphasized experimental science and its practical applications for progress.
Origins and Expansion
The Enlightenment originated in England and the Dutch Republic between 1680 and 1730. France became the epicenter of its diffusion, with Enlightenment ideas influencing reforms in major European monarchies. While primarily a European phenomenon, its impact extended to colonies in the Americas and Australia.
Key Thinkers
- John Locke: A foundational figure of liberalism, Locke criticized absolutism, defended the right to rebellion against tyranny, and advocated for the separation of powers.
The Encyclopedia
The Encyclopedia, a collaborative effort by Enlightenment philosophers, embodied the movement’s critical spirit and pedagogical aims.
Enlightened Political Thought
- Montesquieu: He proposed the separation of powers (legislative, executive, and judicial) to prevent tyranny.
- Voltaire: A staunch advocate of reason and religious tolerance, Voltaire opposed bigotry and superstition.
- Rousseau: He believed that society corrupted individuals and that governments should prioritize the common good.
The Industrial Revolution
Sources of the Industrial Revolution
Demographic Revolution
England experienced significant population growth due to increased birth rates and decreased mortality. This growth provided a larger workforce and market for industrial goods.
Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution, marked by innovations like enclosure and new farming techniques, increased productivity and freed up labor for industrial jobs.
Other Factors
- Stable political and institutional context
- England’s status as a maritime and commercial power
- Emphasis on private initiative
- Focus on industrial and commercial development
Pioneer Industries
The cotton industry, fueled by inventions like the steam engine, was a driving force of the Industrial Revolution. Its growth stimulated other sectors, such as steel and metallurgy.
Transport, Trade, and Capital
Improvements in transportation infrastructure, including canals, roads, and railways, facilitated the movement of goods and people, fostering trade and economic growth. The expansion of foreign trade and the accumulation of capital further fueled industrial development.