The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism in 18th Century Spain
The Enlightenment in the 18th Century
The 18th century brought about the rise of the bourgeoisie. This primacy of change was driven by the innovative ideology of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment posited the triumph of reason and progress in the political sphere. It defended the freedom of the individual, equal rights, and brotherhood among humans. The Enlightenment had its cradle in France. Among its thinkers, three authors stand out: Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. Their ideas were reflected in the Encyclopédie.
Main Features of the Enlightenment
- Rationalism: The unique base of knowledge.
- Utopianism: Application of reason for an improvement in society.
- Reformism: Aim to modernize society through gradual reforms (e.g., enlightened despotism).
The 18th Century in Spain: Three Periods
1700-1758: Introduction of Enlightened Ideas
Introduction of enlightened ideas that clash with the tastes of the public. Notable writer: Benito Feijoo.
1759-1788: Appreciation of Innovations
Appreciation of Baroque innovations and intellectual models. The literary situation changed dramatically. Notable writers: José Cadalso and Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos.
1789-1808: Decline in Reforms
A decline in reforms. Notable writer: Leandro Fernández de Moratín.
Academies and Gatherings
Academies
Academies are institutions of cultural and scientific character. In 1713, the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) was founded, and in 1738, the Royal Academy of History (RAH). Other notable institutions include the Academy of Good Letters of Barcelona and Seville.
Gatherings
Gatherings were informal meetings not subject to regular statutes, in which participants debated various subjects.
Neoclassicism
Main Characteristics of Neoclassicism
- Tendency to express generic models, universal art, and literature.
- Art subject to fixed rules.
- Educational purpose.