The employer shall conduct” + “risk assessment

Posted on Dec 26, 2025 in Geography

Roles of International agency

1. Provide early warning systems & global alerts 2. Set international guidelines like Sendai Framework 3. Offer rapid relief teams such as UNDAC & IFRC 4. Supply humanitarian aid including food, water, shelter 5. Give financial assistance through World Bank, ADB, IMF 6. Conduct post-
disaster damage & needs assessment (PDNA) 7. Support technical expertise, research & training via UNDP, WHO 8. Coordinate cross-border disaster response among countries 9. Promote climate risk reduction & environmental protection (UNEP, IPCC) 10. Help rebuild infrastructure & long-term resilience programs 11. Strengthen community capacity building & preparedness 12. Facilitate global collaboration and knowledge sharing

Search and Rescue

1. Search and rescue starts with quick scene size-up to understand hazards, access routes, and resource needs
2. Trained SAR teams systematically search the affected area using visual, voice, canine, and technical tools
3. Victim detection is done through sensors, thermal imaging, and calling-out methods in collapsed structures
4. Rescuers stabilize the environment by removing debris, securing unstable structures, and ensuring team safety
5. Life-saving first aid is provided immediately, including airway clearing, bleeding control, and immobilization
6. Victims are carefully extricated using ropes, stretchers, lifting tools, and safe body mechanics
7. Triage is performed to categorize victims based on injury severity for prioritizing evacuation
8. Communication is maintained with command centers for resource allocation and updating situation reports
9. Evacuation pathways are planned to move victims safely to medical posts or hospitals
10. Post-rescue activities include documentation, debriefing, equipment check, and psychological support for teams

Enviromental Hazards

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil contamination
4. Deforestation
5. Climate change
6. Global warming
7. Loss of biodiversity
8. Ozone layer depletion
9. Industrial waste hazards
10. Hazardous chemical spills

Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM)

1. Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) focuses on involving local people directly in disaster planning and response
2. It builds community awareness about local hazards, risks, and safe practices
3. Local resources and traditional knowledge are used to prepare for disasters effectively
4. Communities create their own disaster plans, evacuation routes, and warning systems
5. CBDM strengthens local capacity through training, drills, and volunteer groups
6. It promotes participation of vulnerable groups like women, elderly, and children
7. Helps communities reduce risks through mitigation actions like safe housing and environmental protection
8. Ensures faster and more effective response during disasters due to local readiness
9. Encourages coordination between community, local authorities, and NGOs
10. Leads to long-term resilience and self-reliance in disaster-prone areas.

Disaster Management Act 2005

1. The Disaster Management Act 2005 provides a legal framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery in India
2. It establishes the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister
3. Creates State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by Chief Ministers
4. Forms District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) for local-level planning and implementation
5. Mandates preparation of national, state, and district disaster management plans
6. Empowers government to coordinate rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and fund allocation
7. Establishes the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for training and research
8. Sets up the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) as a specialized rescue team
9. Ensures roles, responsibilities, and coordination among ministries, agencies, and local bodies
10. Provides legal powers to enforce evacuation, safety measures, and resource mobilization during disasters

Types of Flood

1. Riverine flood – overflow of rivers due to heavy rainfall or snowmelt
2. Flash flood – sudden flooding caused by intense short-duration rain
3. Coastal flood – seawater flooding due to storms, cyclones, or high tides
4. Urban flood – flooding in cities due to poor drainage and heavy rain
5. Pluvial flood – surface water accumulation when rainfall exceeds absorption
6. Dam-break flood – massive flooding due to sudden failure of a dam

Bio-Shield:

1. Natural barriers like mangroves and coastal vegetation reduce cyclone and tsunami impact
2. They absorb wave energy and prevent soil erosion
3. Provide habitat for marine life while protecting coastal communities
4. Act as windbreaks and reduce storm surge intensity
5. Low-cost, eco-friendly, and self-sustaining protection method

Sea Wall:

1. Strong concrete or rock structures built along coastlines to block waves
2. Prevent coastal erosion and protect infrastructure from storms
3. Reduce impact of high tides, storm surges, and flooding
4. Provide immediate and reliable physical protection
5. Require high construction and maintenance cost but offer long-term security

Instittutional mechanism setup

1. NDMA at national level headed by Prime Minister for policy, guidelines, and coordination
2. NDRF as specialized force for search, rescue, and response
3. NIDM for training, research, and capacity building
4. NEC under MHA for operational coordination and emergency support functions
5. SDMAs at state level headed by Chief Ministers for state disaster planning
6. DDMAs at district level for local implementation and response
7. Local authorities like municipalities and panchayats responsible for community-level preparedness
8. Crisis Management Committees for high-level decision-making during major disasters
9. Armed forces support during large-scale rescue and logistics
10. NGOs, civil society, and community groups integrated for grassroots preparedness and relief.

Various Software In DM

1. GIS software helps map hazards, vulnerable areas, and evacuation routes
2. Remote sensing software analyzes satellite images for flood, cyclone, and fire monitoring
3. Early warning software processes weather data to predict storms and heavy rainfall
4. Simulation software models disaster scenarios for planning and training
5. Communication software enables real-time alerts through SMS, apps, and networks
6. Data management software stores damage reports, resources, and response details
7. Decision-support software helps authorities prioritize rescue, relief, and resource allocation
8. Drone software assists in aerial survey, victim detection, and damage assessment

Guidelines by NDMA

1. NDMA issues guidelines for preparing national, state, and district disaster management plans
2. Provides guidelines for early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and earthquakes
3. Sets standards for building codes, retrofitting, and structural safety
4. Lays guidelines for chemical, industrial, and nuclear disaster management
5. Provides protocols for medical preparedness, mass casualty management, and hospital safety
6. Issues guidelines for community-based disaster management and awareness programs
7. Defines guidelines for school safety, fire safety, and urban risk reduction
8. Sets standards for search and rescue operations (NDRF & SDRF)
9. Provides guidelines for drought, heatwave, and cold wave management
10. Ensures guidelines for relief, rehabilitation, and recovery after disasters

Roles NIDM

1. Conducts training programs for officials, responders, and communities
2. Performs research on disasters, risk reduction, and best practices
3. Develops training modules, manuals, and study materials for DM
4. Provides capacity building support to NDMA, SDMAs, and DDMAs
5. Organizes workshops, seminars, and awareness programs
6. Offers consultancy and technical guidance to government bodies
7. Maintains a national knowledge bank and disaster database
8. Supports policy formulation and national-level DM planning

Fund Raising in Disaster

1. Government budget allocation for relief and recovery
2. Disaster relief funds like NDRF and SDRF
3. Donations from citizens, NGOs, and civil society
4. Corporate funding through CSR contributions
5. International aid from UN, World Bank, ADB
6. Crowdfunding platforms and online campaigns
7. Public–private partnerships for rebuilding projects
8. Special taxes, cesses, or emergency levies by government

Mitigations

1. Hazard mapping
2. Building codes
3. Retrofitting
4. Land-use planning
5. Early warning systems
6. Community awareness
7. Infrastructure strengthening
8. Environmental protection

Structural Mitigation:

1. Constructing earthquake-resistant buildings
2. Retrofitting weak structures to improve stability
3. Building flood embankments, levees, and dams
4. Installing cyclone shelters and safe shelters
5. Creating sea walls, retaining walls, and slope stabilization systems
6. Strengthening lifeline buildings like hospitals and schools
7. Improving drainage systems to prevent urban flooding

Non-Structural Mitigation:

1. Hazard mapping and risk assessment
2. Enforcing building codes and land-use regulations
3. Community awareness and education programs
4. Early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and heatwaves
5. Emergency plans and evacuation drills
6. Insurance schemes to reduce financial risk
7. Environmental conservation like mangroves and afforestation.

Dos:

1. Wear mask properly
2. Wash hands frequently
3. Maintain social distancing
4. Use sanitizer when outside
5. Stay home if sick
6. Follow government health advisories
7. Boost immunity with healthy food
8. Get vaccinated and take booster doses

Don’ts:

1. Don’t touch face, eyes, or nose unnecessarily
2. Don’t ignore symptoms like fever or cough
3. Don’t go to crowded places
4. Don’t spread rumors or misinformation
5. Don’t share personal items like bottles or towels
6. Don’t travel if unwell
7. Don’t delay medical help if symptoms worsen

Roles of NDMA

1. Policy making
2. Disaster management planning
3. Coordination among agencies
4. Early warning systems
5. Deployment of NDRF
6. Mitigation and safety measures
7. Public awareness programs
8. Capacity building support
 9. Monitoring state preparedness
10. Rehabilitation and recovery guidance