The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)
The Revolution of 1868
The Democratic Sexenio began with the revolution of 1868, triggered by a financial and subsistence crisis, coupled with the authoritarian drift of the moderate governments. The uprising, led by Brigadier Topete, started in Cadiz on September 19th. Revolutionary boards quickly formed, and many cities joined the movement. The government troops were defeated at Alcolea, and Queen Isabella II went into exile.
Provisional Government and Reforms
A provisional government, formed by signatories of the Pact of Ostend, initiated a reform program. Key reforms included:
- Freedom of press and assembly
- Universal male suffrage
- Democratization of provincial councils
- Emancipation of slaves’ children in the colonies
Elections for the Constituent Cortes were held, resulting in a victory for the governing coalition.
The Constitution of 1869
The Constituent Cortes drafted the Constitution of 1869, which established:
- National sovereignty
- Universal male suffrage
- Extensive bill of rights
- Legislative power vested in the Cortes
- Independent judiciary
- Monarchy as the form of government
Search for a King and the Reign of Amadeo I
The decision to retain the monarchy led to a search for a suitable king. Prim spearheaded this effort, while Serrano served as regent. Amadeo of Savoy was chosen and proclaimed king in November 1870. However, his reign (1871-1873) faced significant opposition from various factions, including Carlists, Republicans, and those loyal to the Bourbons. Prim’s assassination further weakened Amadeo’s position.
The First Republic (1873-1874)
Following Amadeo’s abdication, the First Republic was proclaimed in February 1873. The republic faced numerous challenges, including the Carlist War, the Ten Years’ War in Cuba, and the Cantonal Revolt. Several presidents held office during this turbulent period, including Estanislao Figueras, Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, and Emilio Castelar. Internal divisions and ongoing conflicts weakened the republic.
Restoration of the Bourbons
A coup led by General Pavia dissolved the Cortes in January 1874. Serrano attempted to establish a conservative republic, but a pronunciamiento by Martínez Campos in December 1874 restored the Bourbon monarchy under Alfonso XII.