The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874): A Tumultuous Period in Spanish History
The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)
Introduction
The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874) refers to the period between the revolution that overthrew Queen Isabel II (1868) and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Alfonso XII (1874). This era witnessed a rapid succession of regimes and governments: a provisional government, a regency under General Serrano, a monarchy under Amadeus of Savoy, a republic (with federal and centralized phases), and a brief return of Serrano. This instability was further complicated by the Third Carlist War, the Cuban War of Independence, and the Cantonalist movement.
Context and Significance
Despite its turbulent nature, the Sexenio represents a crucial stage in the consolidation of liberalism in Spain. It marks the culmination of liberal principles and the emergence of organized labor with the founding of the International Workers Association (IWA).
Internationally, this period coincided with the unification of Italy and Germany, the Paris Commune, and the intensification of colonialism driven by the Second Industrial Revolution.
The Glorious Revolution (1868)
On September 19, 1868, Brigadier Topete’s squadron in Cadiz revolted against Isabel II. The rebellion quickly spread throughout Spain, leading to the establishment of revolutionary juntas. With minimal resistance, the government collapsed, and Isabel II fled to France on September 29, 1868. A provisional government was formed.
The Provisional Government and the Constitution of 1869
Led by Serrano and Prim, the provisional government implemented reforms, including freedom of the press and assembly, universal male suffrage, and free trade. Elections were held for a Constituent Cortes, which drafted the Constitution of 1869. This constitution established a democratic monarchy with sovereignty residing in the people, an extensive bill of rights, and an independent judiciary.
The Monarchy of Amadeus of Savoy (1870-1873)
The search for a new monarch led to Amadeus of Savoy, son of the King of Italy. Amadeus seemed a suitable candidate: he came from an ancient dynasty, was progressive and Catholic, and had Masonic connections. However, his reign was plagued by political instability, including six ministries in two years and an assassination attempt. Overwhelmed by these challenges, Amadeus resigned on February 11, 1873.
The First Spanish Republic (1873-1874)
Following Amadeus’s resignation, the Cortes proclaimed the First Spanish Republic in February 1873. While the proclamation was met with popular enthusiasm, the Republic faced numerous challenges, including the Carlist War and the Cuban War. These issues, along with internal divisions, ultimately led to the Republic’s downfall.