The Crisis of 1917 and the Rise of Dictatorship in Spain
The Crisis of 1917
Spain, despite its neutrality during World War I, experienced significant economic growth due to increased demand for textiles, metallurgical materials, and other resources from warring nations. This led to inflation and a rise in the cost of living, which outpaced wage increases and resulted in social unrest. The crisis of 1917 exposed the financial vulnerabilities of Spain’s post-war economy.
Military protests erupted, fueled by dissatisfaction with the Restoration political system and the lack of recognition for their wartime service. The government, led by Romanones, attempted to suppress dissent by closing parliament, censoring the press, and proposing a decentralized political system. However, these efforts failed to quell the unrest.
A general strike ensued, demanding government action to control inflation and remove the monarchy. Despite its initial momentum, the strike ultimately proved unsuccessful in achieving its goals.
Decomposition of the System
The political landscape became increasingly fragmented, with various parties forming coalition governments in response to the ongoing crisis. The two main dynastic parties and the League formed a government of concentration to address inflation and social order, but their efforts yielded little success.
The situation in Morocco further exacerbated the political instability. Military setbacks and territorial losses led to calls for a stronger, more authoritarian leadership.
Catalan Autonomy
Catalonia’s aspirations for autonomy were met with resistance from the government and the Conservative party. King Alfonso XIII’s refusal to grant autonomy led to the resignation of Catalan members of parliament and a growing sense of disillusionment.
The League’s declining influence in Catalonia paved the way for the emergence of new political forces. The Catalan Republican Party, founded by Francesc Macià, advocated for greater autonomy and eventually for full independence.
Social Conflict
Labor unrest spread across Spain, with one of the most significant strikes occurring in Barcelona. The strike lasted for over a month, resulting in wage increases and reduced working hours. However, tensions between unions and employers persisted.
The rise of the Free Union, a radical labor organization, led to violent confrontations and assassinations of labor leaders. Employers responded by forming armed groups known as the “pistoleros,” further escalating the conflict.
The Problem of Morocco
Spain’s attempts to control rebellious tribes in Morocco proved disastrous. A major offensive by the Rif tribes resulted in a significant defeat for the Spanish army and the loss of territory. This military setback, coupled with the ongoing political and economic instability, fueled support for a more authoritarian solution.
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
General Primo de Rivera seized power in a military coup, justifying his actions as necessary to restore order and address the country’s problems. He promised to end political corruption, social indiscipline, and the conflict in Morocco.
The dictatorship initially enjoyed some support, particularly due to its success in resolving the Moroccan conflict. However, its repressive measures and suppression of political dissent soon alienated many segments of society.
The regime’s anti-Catalan policies, including the suppression of Catalan language and culture, further deepened the divide between Catalonia and the central government.
The dictatorship’s decline was accelerated by the loss of King Alfonso XIII’s confidence and growing opposition from various political factions. Primo de Rivera’s resignation marked the end of the dictatorship and paved the way for the Second Spanish Republic.