The Crisis of 1898 and its Consequences in Spain
Consequences. The Crisis of 1898
The loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire did not lead to major economic losses. However, the loss of 60,000 combatants caused a huge stir in Spanish society. The political crisis was inevitable, fueled by the inability of successive governments to control the escalating conflict and the damage to military prestige. This was perhaps the most serious consequence.
Politicians of all stripes and intellectuals promoted a thorough review of the situation in Spain, leading to:
- A crisis of national consciousness, expressed through the Generation of ’98 writers.
- Proposals for reform and political modernization, known as Regenerationism.
- Greater impetus and prominence to peripheral nationalisms.
The End of the Regency
In March 1899, defeat in the Spanish-American War led to a censure vote against the Conservative Party. Sagasta came to power, with Francisco Silvela as the leader. His government introduced a regenerationist program to moralize the country and a plan of reform and investment. Sagasta returned to form a government in March 1901.
11.3. Society and Mentality: Education (1875-1902)
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Spanish population increased at a slower rate than in Western Europe. The general backwardness of the country was reflected in its demographic behavior: modernization reached Spain later.
Birth rates were high (33.8%) in 1900, and the mortality rate, although declining slightly, was also very high (28.8%). Causes of high mortality included delayed medical, economic, and social development, and the negative effects of wars.
Social Developments
society in the late nineteenth wave au n was dominated by an oligarchy conservadora.Aunque remained an agrarian country, gradually polarized cities social life. L to urban life was increasingly influencing the collective mentality, and was focusing on national interest. The composition and characteristics of these upper classes were basically the same Elizabethan society. The “middle classes” are also living this process differentiator. For the popular classes the situation was far more d ESOL. Neighborhoods formed by chaotic barracks. tuberculosis and other epidemic diseases and Staba n always present s.The enseñ anza Act Moyano INSTRUCTION established in 1857, the three levels anza ongoing education: primary, secondary and educational reform meant universitaria.La access to the teaching of the urban middle classes. In 1877 67% of the population was illiterate, secular or Catholic schools educated only to the children of the ruling classes. Until 1900 would not create a Ministry of Education and Fine Arts. high school had about 50 schools and the university was very overcrowded. Part of progressive teachers founded the Free Institution of Education. Other prominent schools were founded by The Modern School ferrr Guard, and the Ave Maria School, created by father Manjón. The thought, culture and art of the nineteenth century liberal regime, to win public freedoms allowed artistasespañoles intellectuals and closer to Europe and participate in the development of cultural activities s.
Almirall, Ganivet Picavea Macia, Costa are part of the first wave of intellectuals who discussed vehemently prostration of the country and denounced the political corruption and immorality of the oligarchic regime of the Restoration. They proposed a regeneration of Spain which was very well received by the small and middle bourgeoisie. Regenerationists Confronting Catholic thinkers as Menendez Pelayo strove to demonstrate the value of the intellectual creation of the past ITEM 12 Introduction: General characteristics of political life tica The peri odo general feature that goes from 1902 to 1923 is that of a permanent political crisis tica, which will affect the underlying rationale to devise, twenty-five years earlier añ Antonio Cánovas.Los successive governments were unable to overcome the causes crisis.Las of that crisis, and this failure are: – The personality of the King himself: Alfonso XIII, from the beginningPlayed an active role in political action, away from what characterized their parents as King and Ruler: was involved in the changes of government was influenced by the opinions of the generals. This performance will be decisive for the final dito descr in which the monarchy fell BC – the division of the matches of the turn. The disappearance of the historical leaders (Canovas, Sagasta) resulted in this division. The new conservative leaders (Fdez Villaverde Maura, Dato) and liberals (Moret, ry Montero, Canalejas Romanones) fought for control of their groups causing internal conflicts that prevented the apparitions n-fuertes. leadership corrupt political regime and artificial in that má s importantes institutions not represented the people as the elections were manipulated by chiefs and mayors, although the model was a poli tico-democracia. The progressive loss of influence of despotism: the brunt of the cities prevented a manipulaciion as blatant as the agricultural areas s. – The emergence and growth of political parties outside the system ticos Restoration: Socialists, Radicals, Republicans and nationalists (R ECENT these, with spectacular growth, especially in Catalonia, many subsequent tensions with the central government) increased ever ma s electoral strength. – The political and ideological opposition of the labor movement – the revival of two old problems: the clerical and military. The first añ os de Alfonso XIII’s reign (1902-1917). Tra gical Week Alfonso XIII took the throne in 1902 after swearing to the Constitution of 1876 and between 1902-1907 are alternated in government c CERTAIN CANNED VEGETABLES. The publication of two Catalan newspapers and some comments offensive cartoons antimilitarists c onsidered by many military, military triggered a major protest that spread throughout Spain where the government demanded a Law Jurisdictions. Between 1907 and 1912 there were attempts by the conservative and liberal Maura Canalejaspor renewing and address the real problems of Spanish society.Antonio Maura (person 5), head of government between 1907 and 1909, attempted to end the chieftaincy
and legitimate political life. The events of the Tragic Week (text 3 and 4) triggered in July 1909 the government halted its work, the cause was called up reservists to nourish the Spanish army in Morocco you. ******************************************