The age of revolution
1. Monopoly on trade: Which made a trade difficult between the thirteen colonies and other areas of America. The economy was therefore an important source of conflict. Political tensions: The thirteen Colonies were subject to the authority of the king of England. Colonial assemblies had significant powers, such as collecting certain taxes. Britain imposed taxes on the settlers, but they often didn’t pay. This was a sing of protest ass the settlers were not represented in the British Parliament. “No taxation without representation” became a slogan.
3. 1765: Stamp act, 1773: Boston Tea Party, 1775: War with Britain, 1776: Declaration of independence, 1777: Battle of Saratoga, 1781: Battle of Yorktown, 1783: Treaty of Versailles, 1787: United States constitution
4. Social unrest: The third estate, which paid taxes, represented the privileged estates that scarcely paid taxes at all. The economy: A tax crisis was caused by overspending on the American Revolution War, as well as high expenditure at the court. The enlightenment: The political thought of the enlightenment encouraged people to question royal authority when it was considered unfair and inefficient.
6. 1 Assembly of Notables: Consists of leading noblemen and ecclesiastics. 2 Estates-General: Consists of all three estates. – 3 National Assembly: Formed by 3rd estate. – 4 National Constituent Assembly: It was formed after tennis court oth. – 5 Legislative Assembly: It was formed when they had constitutional monarchy.
10. The Napoleonic Code: Was a legal code that prohibed certain privileges, allowed freedom of religion, and simplified the range of laws that had, existed before the revolution. – The Concordat: Mantained the estate control over the church, and confiscated church lands were not returned. However, the clergy was allowed to resume religious workship.
11.Battle of Trafalgar: Britain; Battle of Austerlitz: Austrians; Battle of Jena: Prussians; Battle of Leipzig: Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
12. – France returned to the frontiers it had before the revolution. – Estates were reinforced around France as a protective barrier against future French expansion.: the new kingdom of the Netherlands acquired the region that is Belgium today. – There were territorial gains for Austria, Prussia and Russia.
13. Monarchy: was believed that peace was only possible if a legitimate monarchy handed each country. Internationalism: The great powers could intervene in another country if a legitimate monarchy was danger. Congresses: Regular Contact between The great powers was seen as a way to resolve international problems.
14. – Holly Alliance: Formed by Russia, Prussia and Austria. It combats liberalism and revolution. It was later joined by Britain France. – Congress of Vienna: The Austrian Foreing Minister Prince Metternich played a leading rule in their attempts to guarantee lasting peace and avoid new revolutions.
15. – Liberalism: The French Revolution probed that it was possible to end royal absolutism, and spread the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood throughout Europe according to Liberalism, the powers of a monarch needed to be restricted by a constitution that respected the sovereinghty of the people, and guaranteed individual liberties.
16. France. The monarchy of king louis Phillipe had become conservative and corrupt. In February 1848, the king was deposed and the Second French republic was created. Napoleons nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president. However, he become increasingly authoritarian and declared himself Emperor of the Second French Empire in 1852. Germany. Demonstrations in cities called for German national unity and liberal reforms guaranteeing individual liberties. The Habsburg empire. Here were many different nationalities in the territories ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs, and a national movement in Hungary fought for independence.
18. Nationalism developed in the 19th century, when people who shared the same culture and language began to think of themselves as a nation. At the sametime, many nationalists wanted political boundaries to coincide with religious, ethnic and linguistic boundaries. In this way, a nation would live in a single country, a nation state
19. Italy. Vittorio Emanuele II, Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. German. Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck.
20. • 1859: Cavour won French support for the Italian cause against the Austrians. In 1859, a French and Piedmontese army defeated the Austrians, and the region of Lombardy became part of Piedmont. • 1860-1861: Garibaldi’s revolutionary forces (who were called the red shirts) took control of Naples and Sicily. In 1861, the first Italian parliament met in Turin and Vittorio Emanuele II became King of Italy. • 1866: Italy supported Prussia in its war with Austria; in exchange, it received Venice. • 1870: The Piedmontese occupied Rome, which became the capital of Italy.