Spanish Restoration: Bourbon Dynasty’s Return
The Bourbon Restoration Scheme
Introduction
The Restoration refers to the return of the Bourbon dynasty after six revolutionary years and the First Republic. It spans from General Martinez Campos’ pronouncement in Sagunto on December 29, 1874, proclaiming Alfonso XII as King, to General Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship in 1923. This period has two distinct stages:
- 1874-1885: Building the system, ending with Alfonso XII’s early death.
- 1885-1923: Alfonso XIII’s minority (Maria Cristina’s regency, 1885-1902) until Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship, marking the system’s final crisis.
The 1875 regime signifies a return to dynastic continuity and political stability, contrasting with the 1868 revolution that deposed Isabel II. This system gained international acceptance, unlike the First Republic. Dynastic continuity was planned in exile, inspired by other European models.
Origins and Architect
Disappointment and Desire for Order
Many were disappointed with the democratic Sexenio due to wars, riots, and government changes. The bourgeoisie, army, church, and middle classes sought an authoritative solution. The popular classes were disillusioned by unfulfilled reforms and outlawed labor organizations.
Rise of Alfonsine Cause
General Pavia’s coup led to General Serrano’s military regime, quelling uprisings. Meanwhile, Antonio Canovas del Castillo prepared for Alfonso XII’s return. The Alfonsine cause gained support among the military, bourgeoisie, and middle class. Canovas aimed for a peaceful, non-military monarchy based on bipartisanship.
Alfonso XII’s Manifesto and Proclamation
On December 1, 1874, Alfonso XII signed the Manifesto of Sandhurst, committing to a liberal constitutional monarchy. General Martinez Campos’ proclamation on December 29, 1874, led to Alfonso XII being declared King.
Political Opposition
Challenges to the Scheme
In November 1885, Alfonso XII died. Maria Cristina of Austria assumed regency. Sagasta and Canovas signed the Pact of Pardo, agreeing to alternate power. Sagasta’s government passed laws on freedom of expression, association, and universal suffrage, but did not address structural issues. The Cuban War in 1895 weakened the system, leading to the rise of Catalan nationalism and the PSOE.
External Parties
Republicans
Republicans remained disunited, lacking social support but maintaining parliamentary representation.
Carlists
Carlists lost support after their 1876 military defeat, with some integrating into Canovas’ party.
Nationalism
Nationalist movements emerged in Catalonia and the Basque Country, driven by linguistic and cultural differentiation, and a burgeoning bourgeoisie.