Spanish Political Landscape: Restoration & Regionalism (1874-1910)
Spanish Political Landscape: Restoration & Regionalism (1874-1910)
Parties Excluded from the Canovas System
The Canovas system aimed to restore political life, but several parties remained excluded. These parties never gained enough parliamentary representation to form a government or exert significant influence.
Carlist Traditionalists
- Exiled in France.
- Presented themselves as a Catholic power, but lost support when the Vatican and Spanish Church backed the Alfonsina Dynasty.
- Divided into various factions, including fundamentalist followers of Ramon Nocedal.
Republicans
- Major losers after the 1874 coup, facing harsh repression.
- Key ideas included:
- Superiority of the republic over monarchy.
- Church-state separation and a secular state.
- Universal suffrage.
- Concern for the working class.
- Formed several parties, including Ruiz Zorrilla’s Progressive Republican Party and Castelar’s Possibilist Democratic Party. Federal Republicans were led by Pi y Margall and the Centralists by Salmeron.
- Universal suffrage revitalized republicanism, leading to the creation of the Republican Union. However, the growing labor movement increasingly identified with socialist and anarchist currents.
Labor Movement
Considered a threat to private property by Canovas, the labor movement was divided into:
Socialism
- PSOE founded in 1879 by Pablo Iglesias, advocating for social revolution.
- Initially focused on liberal demands like better wages, shorter hours, and the prohibition of child labor, along with rights of association, assembly, demonstration, and universal suffrage.
- Founded the socialist newspaper in 1886 and the UGT union in 1888.
- Defended collective bargaining and the right to strike.
Anarchism
- Spanish Regional Federation of Workers established in 1888, influential in Catalonia, Levante, and Andalusia.
- Emergence of the Black Hand, advocating land distribution for Andalusian peasants and employing terrorist tactics.
- Anarchism divided between supporters of direct action (anarcho-communism) and mass action (anarcho-syndicalism), with the latter leading to the creation of the CNT in 1910.
Christian Unions
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