Spanish Civil War: Uprising, Conflict, and Political Developments
Civil War: The military uprising and the outbreak of the War military insurrection and the outbreak of the conflict.
Melilla’s army revolted on 17 July 1936. That day, General Franco moved from the Canaries to Morocco, and General Mola from Navarre, Burgos. On July 18, General Queipo de Llano from Sevilla, won the uprising except Andalusia Málaga. Between 18 and 19 July were clear rebel areas: Galicia, Castilla-León, Oviedo, Cáceres, Andalucía (except Málaga), cities and some areas of Aragon, Canary Islands, Mallorca and failure of the coup Ibiza.El divided Spain in two areas, caused an initial chaos. Were created local and provincial committees, led by the CNT and UGT trade unions, whose functions were: supply, social welfare, creation of popular militias, public policy and communications. The committees were legal but off to the Government of the Republic, and led to distrust among the powers of republican government europeas.El suffered the resignation of their presidents. On 18 July, resigned Casares Quiroga, 19, resigned Martínez Barrios, who tried to deal with Mola but was unsuccessful. 20, Giral distributed weapons to civilians. Thus began the Civil War.
Phases of the war
The main objective was Madrid. Between July and December 1936, General Mola with its columns of requetés (traditionalist), he went to Madrid from Burgos, reaching the road to La Coruña. Morocco’s army, led by Franco, got through the Strait of Gibraltar with the help of aircraft sent by Mussolini. From Andalucia, took Badajoz, released the Alcazar of Toledo, and went to Madrid, arriving at the City University, where he established a front that is maintained throughout the guerra.El Government moved to Valencia, and Madrid was set up very strong defense through reorganization of the militia wing and arrival of the International Brigades.
In November 1936, was an attempt from the road to Valencia in the battle of Jarama, and January and February 1937, was an attempt from the road to Guadalajara with the participation of troops in the Republican movement italianas.Los time were from Catalonia to Aragon to conquer cities. Columns were formed by militants, one of the most important was that of Durroti (anarchists). The lack of organization of these columns, made them stopped in Zaragoza and Teruel. Another attempt from Catalonia went to Mallorca and Ibiza (August-September 1936), which also fracasó.Entre January and February 1937, with the help of Italian troops, was conquered Malaga and other remaining areas in Andalusia loose. In March 1937, to the impossibility of Madrid, Franco decided to go north. The defense in the Basque Country was motivated by the appearance of the Statute of Autonomy. The insurgents had the Italian army, which destroyed the Bilbao Iron Belt, with the Condor Legion, which bombed and destroyed the town of Guernica in April 1937. He surrendered the city of Bilbao and the Basque rindieron.En died June 1937 General Mola in August fell Catalonia and Asturias in October, so all the Cantabrian coast and its resources came to the rebels. The Republicans responded with the offensive to distract the rebel army of the Northern Front in June 1937, attacked Brunete to relieve the siege of Madrid. They used the International Brigades and the Soviet weaponry was coming. Although the city was taken, the battle was a disaster resulting in a total of 80.000 DEAD October 1937 the Government moved to Barcelona, and in December 1937, making the city of Teruel, which was retaken by the rebels in February 1938 after a bloody battle. The next attack of the rebels went to Aragon, between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River April 3, 1938 occupied the first cities in the Catalan province of Lleida. On April 5, knocked out the Catalan Statute, but are not headed north. The April 15 Vinaroz reached, leaving the Republican split in two: one side Valencia and Catalonia on the other. Republicans prepared a counteroffensive to unite the country: the battle of the Ebro Republican forces were more organized, under the command of General Vicente Rojo, and Communists as Modesto, Lister or the Peasant.
On the night of 24 to 25 July 1938, the Republicans crossed the Ebro and began a battle that lasted 5 months and cost some 100,000 lives. The rebels won it, the Republican army fled demoralized, and Franco addressed Catalonia.The January 15, 1939 took Tarragona, Barcelona on 26 January, February 4, Gerona, and on February 9, arrived at the border. The government went into exile with many citizens. On February 28 Azaña resigned and President Negrin returned to Valencia to continue the war as long as every possible Madrid Casado wanted to negotiate with the rebels, and disobeying the president, Franco gave the city 28 March 1939. The rest of republican cities were giving to the March 31 he did the last, Alicante. On April 1, 1939 Franco closed the war.
During the war political developments in both areas
RepublicanaEl Zone July 20, 1936, republished in the area were two phenomena: the emergence of popular power, and a political break until the end of 1937 nor any single commander. The CNT and FAI labor organizations, above all, created committees to handle the power that was not controlled by politicians. They took the land and factories were collectivized or nationalized. The initial defeats did see the need to give a single government authority in the Republic and the establishment of a regular army to replace wing militia columns. In September 1936, resigned Giral, and replaced him Largo Caballero, who was also minister of the army. He formed a unity government: socialists, trade unionists, republicans, nationalists and anarcho-syndicalists (CNT) is included. Gradually regained the powers of state, eliminating the boards and committees. Reconvened the courts and imposed gradually PCE guidelines due to the support of the URSS.Existían clashes due to opposition from the Communists to the decisions of Largo Caballero and the anarchists, who were acting without autonomy. Between 2 and 7 May, had serious conflicts in Barcelona link. The reason was the Telefónica building, which was held by the CNT and the POUM, and faced the PSUC (Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia), UGT and law enforcement. The Government had to send 5000 assault guards to resolve the conflict, and the CNT and the POUM were defeated. The Communists demanded the dissolution of the POUM and Largo Caballero’s resignation as minister of the army. He refused to resign, and dismissed him Azaña putting in place of Juan Negrin, who ruled until the end of the war. Negrin ruled with the support of the PSOE and PCE, which increasingly had more influence. Strengthened the central state by eliminating the Council of Aragon and Catalonia. Harnessed a popular army Indalecio Prieto as Minister of the Army and Vicente Rojo as Chief of Staff. He attempted a negotiated peace with Franco (Thirteen Points) that the dismissal had convinced him to resist to the end.Franco Zone July 20, 1936 The General Sanjurjo dies, so that the conspiracy was left without a leader. On July 24, Burgos was established in a National Defense Council chaired by Cabanellas, to guide you lift. When it became clear that war was inevitable, was to establish a unified command to ensure that each general acting on his own in his zona.El October 1, 1936, the coup leaders met in Salamanca and appointed General Franco, leader State and Generalissimo of the Army, so the power was for the military since the first momentoFranco created a Technical Board of State to remove all Republican legislation. Returned the land expropriated, the purification took place officials annulled all educational reforms, and banned all political parties and the support they had sindicatos.Entre the rebels were the following: JONS Falange and of totalitarian ideology and anti-monarchical Traditionalist Communion, Carlist monarchist ideology, whose candidate was Xavier of Bourbon-Parma: monarchists who supported Alfonso XIII, the CEDA, which also supported Alfonso XIII, and Spanish Renewal. Franco took advantage of a clash between traditionalists Falangists and Salamanca, and the April 19, 1937, held a unification decree creating the FET de las JONS (Traditionalist Spanish Falange de las JONS), which also entered the CEDA and the monarchists. Franco would be his only boss.