Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): A Concise History

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

Following the Popular Front’s 1936 electoral victory, political tensions escalated, with both left and right-wing factions resorting to violence, threatening the stability of republican institutions.

The Uprising

A right-wing conspiracy, supported by Benito Mussolini, aimed to overthrow the Republic. General Mola spearheaded the uprising, with Franco’s involvement solidifying later. The Republican government, aware of the plot but underestimating its scale, failed to control the escalating unrest and the influence of the far left.

The uprising began in Morocco in July 1936, with Franco assuming command. It quickly spread to mainland Spain. General Mola secured victories in Navarre and Old Castile, while rebels faced resistance in other regions. The initial fighting divided Spain, with the balance of power uncertain.

Resources and Revolution

While the rebels possessed the bulk of the African army, the Republic controlled the navy and air force, along with the Bank of Spain’s gold reserves and key industries. A crucial factor was the revolutionary process in Republican-held areas, leading to fragmented political power and decision-making challenges.

Phases of the War

1. Early Stages (July-November 1936)

The dividing lines between the warring sides remained fluid. Franco advanced from Africa, encountering resistance en route to Madrid. The Popular Front’s gains were limited, and Nationalist forces isolated the north from the French border.

2. Battle for Madrid (November 1936-March 1937)

Franco’s attempts to encircle Madrid were thwarted, leading him to shift focus to the north.

3. Fall of the Northern Front (March-October 1937)

The conquest of Biscay proved challenging, marked by the bombing of Guernica and Durango by German aircraft. Asturias and Santander fell to the Nationalists, while the Popular Front’s counteroffensives failed.

4. Teruel and the Mediterranean (December 1937-June 1938)

The Popular Front briefly captured Teruel, but Franco’s forces retook it, leading to a Republican collapse and Franco’s advance to the Mediterranean.

5. Battle of the Ebro and Catalonia’s Fall (July 1938-February 1939)

The Battle of the Ebro proved decisive, with Franco capturing Barcelona. President AzaƱa, exiled in France, resigned, and a mass exodus of refugees followed.

6. The War’s End (February-April 1939)

Britain and France recognized Franco’s regime. Negotiations for surrender ensued, culminating in Franco’s victory declaration on April 1, 1939.

International Involvement

The Republic received support from France and the USSR, while Italy and Germany aided the Nationalists. Republican aid came with conditions, including immediate debt repayment. Franco’s assistance was repaid later.

Political and Social Dynamics

Both sides engaged in political violence. The Church largely supported the Nationalists, while Franco unified disparate factions under a Catholic, anti-revolutionary banner. Internal dissent emerged on both sides. The Popular Front faced challenges in establishing a unified army and government.

War’s Aftermath

The Spanish Civil War was a conflict marked by outdated military tactics. The Popular Front squandered initial advantages. Internal divisions contributed to the Republic’s defeat. The war’s devastating impact underscored the need for peace and reconciliation.