Sin título 1
UNIT 9: 1. The origins of the cold war. 1.1. What was the cold war. The cold war was a period of permanently tense international relations between 1947 – 1991. At the time the world was divided into two opposing blocs, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The Western Bloc: Countries had democratic political system and a capitalist economy. The Eastern Bloc: Countries had totalitarian Marxist political system and a centrally planned economy. Joseph Stalin (1878-1953): he became the leader of Soviet Communist Party in 1924, and was an absolute dictator for 30 years. He imposed the soviet model on the eastern European countries after WWII. Winston Churchill said that the Soviet Union had built an ‘Iron Curtain’ in 1946, which described the incresing political influence of the USSR. The Greek Civil war in 1946-1949 and other conflicts, marked the begining of the cold war. 1.2. Characteristics of the Cold War. A bipolar order: The two super powers, with similar military and destructive capabilities, maintained international tension based on mutual distrust and threats. The armed race: Rivalry to have the greatest weapons, atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, long range missiles and chemical weapons. Areas of influence: Each superpower intervened to maintain its authority in countries within their area of influence. Propaganda: They used extensive propaganda to strengthen their hold on countries in their area of influence. The Threat of war: Rivarly and mutual suspicion between the superpowers led to moments of extreme tension, with some periods of relative calm. Regional conflicts: Smaller regional conflicts were directly or indirectly resolved by one of the superpowers. Espionage and secret services: Agencies like CIA in USA and the KGB in USSR were active. They spied on eacho other to obtain scientific, military and tecnological secrets from the enemy.
2. The Cold War Blocs. 2.1.The Western Bloc. With the exception of Spain and Portugal that had democratic political systems and capitalists systems, the USA control most part of western Europe. They recieved political, economic and military assitance from USA. The Truman Doctrine: In 1947, the shortage of food and fuel, deficent financial system and serious damage to infrastructures, were after.effects from WWII. The US worried that communism might spread to western europe if the situation persisted. The President of USA, Harry S. Truman, implemented a policy called the Truman Doctrine, this containment strategy was aimed at stopping the spread of comunism by offering a program of financial help. The European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan): In 1948, goverment of US decided to give 13 billion dollars in aid to reactivate the economies of Wes. Eur. and help countries resist to communism. Benfited 17 countries, spain wasn’t included. The North Atlantic Organization (NATO): In 1949, countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington. This teatry established an international military alliance agains possible attacks. formed by, Belgium, Canada, Denamark, United States, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal and United Kingdom. 2.2. The Soviet Bloc. The USSR was the leader of the soviet bloc. The Soviet Union turned these countries into satellite states that were economically and politically under its control. Dictatorships were imposed. The USSR used economic and military strategies to strengthen Soviet control over all thsi countries. The Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon): In 1949, was founded in response to the Marshall plan. Its goal was to coordinate the economic plans of the member countries and set up a system of mutual help. Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, the USSR and Hungary were founding members. The Warsaw Pact: In 19155, was founded, it established in response to NATO. Theorically, the pact was a military allience between the USSR and the European countries in the Soviet sphere, offering protection against attacks from the Western Bloc.
3. The beginnig of the Cold War. 3.1. The Greek Civil War. At the end of WWII, Greece immersed in a civil war between communist insurgents, supported by Yugoslavia and by the Sov. Uni. The Greek goverment army which was backed initially by the United Kingdom. In 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced, which sent finantial and military aid to Germany pro-government troops. At the time the Greek communist army (DA) lost the support of the Sov. Uni. and Yugoslavia. 3.2. Tha Berlin Blockade. The allies ccoupied Germany and divided it into four zones (American, Soviet, British and French), after WWII. The London Conferences: In 1948, they took place. These talks, were to decided to crete a West German single economic area controlled by Western powers. Germany: now was divided into two zones, one administered by western allies and the other by Soviets. The USSR saw the decision of western allies as a threat. In response, the Soviets blocked all land and water transport coming into berlin from the west. The western allies kept West Berlin supplied through a massive airlift. Finally in May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade on West Berlin. They were partitioned into two: The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) or West Germany, was part of the western bloc and had a democratic political system. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) or East Germany, was part of the Soviet Bloc and had a communist regime. 3.3. The end of the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Civil War lasted from 1927 to 1949. Two sides in the conflict were the Chinese Nationalist party and the Chinese Communist Party. In 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the communists, took the power and proclaimed the People’s Republic of China. In 1950, China and the USSR signed the Sino-Soviet Teatry of Friendship, which was an agreement of mutual aid, and was a diplomatic triumph for the Sov. Uni. 3.4. The Korean War. After Japanese defeted in 1945, Korea was divided into two. North Korea: had a communist regine and was supported by the soviet union. South Korea: had a pro-western, authoritarian regime, and was supported by USA.
Unit 9: 1. The origins of the cold war. 1.1. What was the cold war.The cold war was a period of permanently tense international relations between 1947 – 1991. At the time the world was divided into two opposing blocs, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The Western Bloc: Countries had democratic political systems and a capitalist economy. The Eastern Bloc: Countries had totalitarian Marxist political systems and a centrally planned economy. Joseph Stalin (1878-1953): he became the leader of Soviet Communist Party in 1924, and was an absolute dictator for 30 years. He imposed the soviet model on the eastern European countries after WWII. Winston Churchill said that the Soviet Union had built an ‘Iron Curtain’ in 1946, which described the increasing political influence of the USSR. The Greek Civil war in 1946-1949 and other conflicts, marked the beginning of the cold war. 1.2. Characteristics of the Cold War. A bipolar order: The two superpowers, with similar military and destructive capabilities, maintained international tension based on mutual distrust and threats. The armed race: Rivalry to have the greatest weapons, atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, long range missiles and chemical weapons. Areas of influence: Each superpower intervened to maintain its authority in countries within their area of influence. Propaganda: They used extensive propaganda to strengthen their hold on countries in their area of influence. The Threat of war: Rivalry and mutual suspicion between the superpowers led to moments of extreme tension, with some periods of relative calm. Regional conflicts: Smaller regional conflicts were directly or indirectly resolved by one of the superpowers. Espionage and secret services: Agencies like CIA in USA and the KGB in USSR were active. They spied on each other to obtain scientific, military and technological secrets from the enemy.
2. The Cold War Blocs. 2.1.The Western Bloc. With the exception of Spain and Portugal that had democratic political systems and capitalists systems, the USA control most part of western Europe. They received political, economic and military assistance from USA. The Truman Doctrine: In 1947, the shortage of food and fuel, deficient financial system and serious damage to infrastructures, were after.effects from WWII. The US worried that communism might spread to western europe if the situation persisted. The President of USA, Harry S. Truman, implemented a policy called the Truman Doctrine, this containment strategy was aimed at stopping the spread of communism by offering a program of financial help. The European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan): In 1948, government of US decided to give 13 billion dollars in aid to reactivate the economies of Wes. Eur. and help countries resist to communism. Benefited 17 countries, Spain wasn’t included. The North Atlantic Organization (NATO): In 1949, countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington. This teatry established an international military alliance against possible attacks. formed by, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, United States, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal and United Kingdom. 2.2. The Soviet Bloc. The USSR was the leader of the soviet bloc. The Soviet Union turned these countries into satellite states that were economically and politically under its control. Dictatorships were imposed. The USSR used economic and military strategies to strengthen Soviet control over all thsi countries. The Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon): In 1949, was founded in response to the Marshall plan. Its goal was to coordinate the economic plans of the member countries and set up a system of mutual help. Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, the USSR and Hungary were founding members. The Warsaw Pact: In 19155, was founded, it established in response to NATO. Theoretically, the pact was a military alliance between the USSR and the European countries in the Soviet sphere, offering protection against attacks from the Western Bloc.
3. The beginning of the Cold War. 3.1. The Greek Civil War.At the end of WWII, Greece immersed in a civil war between communist insurgents, supported by Yugoslavia and by the Sov. Uni. The Greek government army which was backed initially by the United Kingdom. In 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced, which sent financial and military aid to Germany pro-government troops. At the time the Greek communist army (DA) lost the support of the Sov. Uni. and Yugoslavia. 3.2. Tha Berlin Blockade. The allies occupied Germany and divided it into four zones (American, Soviet, British and French), after WWII. The London Conferences: In 1948, they took place. These talks, were to decided to create a West German single economic area controlled by Western powers. Germany: now was divided into two zones, one administered by western allies and the other by Soviets. The USSR saw the decision of western allies as a threat. In response, the Soviets blocked all land and water transport coming into berlin from the west. The western allies kept West Berlin supplied through a massive airlift. Finally in May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade on West Berlin. They were partitioned into two: The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) or West Germany, was part of the western bloc and had a democratic political system. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) or East Germany, was part of the Soviet Bloc and had a communist regime. 3.3. The end of the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Civil War lasted from 1927 to 1949. Two sides in the conflict were the Chinese Nationalist party and the Chinese Communist Party. In 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the communists, took the power and proclaimed the People’s Republic of China. In 1950, China and the USSR signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which was an agreement of mutual aid, and was a diplomatic triumph for the Sov. Uni. 3.4. The Korean War. After Japanese defeat in 1945, Korea was divided into two. North Korea: had a communist regime and was supported by the soviet union. South Korea: had a pro-western, authoritarian regime, and was supported by USA.
4. The Cold War (1953-1962). 4.1. The Hungarian Revolution. 4.2. The Suez Crisis. 4.3. The Berlin Wall. 4.4. The Cuban Missile Crisis.
5. The Cold War (1963-1973). 5.1. The Prague Spring. 5.3. The Middle East Conflict. 5.4. Military Dictatorship in Latin America. 5.5. The Vietnam War.
6. The Later Stages of the Cold War (1973-1991). 6.1. Renewed Tension. 6.2. The end of the Cold War (1985-1991).
Unit 10: 1. Decolonisation. 1.1 The Causes of Decolonisation. 1.2. The Phases of Decolonisation.
2. Decolonisatoion of Asia. 2.1. The Independence of the Indian subcontinent. 2.2. Indochina.
3. The Middle East. 3.1. In the First Half of the 20th Century. 3.2. The Arab-Israeli Wars. 3.3. The Middle East Peace Process.
4. Decolonisation of Africa. 4.1. North Africa and Northeast Africa. 4.2. Sub-Saharan Africa.
5. The Third World. 5.1. What is the Third World? 5.2. Econmic Dependency and Neocolonialism. 5.3. The Non-Aligned Movement.