Science and Technology Exam: Practical Exercises

Posted on Dec 11, 2024 in Physics

1. Matching Computer Components

Match each concept in the first column with its function in the second column. (5 points)

• a. Hard Disk [d] Permanently Stores
• b. RAM Memory [b] Temporarily Stores
• c. USB Port [e] Connects
• d. Operating System [a] Manages
• e. Mouse [c] Navigates

2. True or False: Financial Concepts

Indicate whether the following statements are true (V) or false (F). (5 points)

• [V] A percentage is used to indicate a part of a whole.
• [V] Interest is an amount to be paid to the entity that lends money.
• [F] VAT is an amount to be paid to the entity that lends money.
• [V] Income tax withholding is the amount of salary withheld on account of Treasury taxes.
• [F] Income tax withholding is the amount to be paid as a tax on the purchase of an article.

3. Power Plants and Energy Sources

Most power plants use the same system to produce electricity: the turbine-generator system. The difference is that they use different energy sources to move the turbine.

The following table lists a few types of power plants. You must complete the table, writing next to each plant type, which is the source of energy it uses, and indicating whether it is a renewable source (R) or non-renewable (NR) by marking the corresponding box. (5 points)

Scientific-Technological Area, pp. 2 de 9

B. Understanding and Analyzing a Written Document

(20 points: 5 points per question)

Read the text carefully. Do it before you see the questions to avoid focusing on specific information and running the risk of losing others. Then, read the questions, and if you think it necessary, reread the text. Finally, produce the answers.

We call, at least around here, supermarkets these enormous hypermarkets, where there are multiple products at your fingertips. We can take what we want and take it home to pay for it, and in many cases, to eat it.

As there are other large areas. Mixers, railings, walls. Droplets filled with viruses and bacteria, where hands are supported every day. Hands in which we get a good crop of viruses and bacteria, which then move into our mouth, nose, and eyes. Used without washing before on many occasions. These large areas are like a supermarket in the sense that we’re going home with a good load of products. Only those are not what we wanted to buy. Just the opposite. And they have a high price: suffering an infectious disease. Someone has experienced this before. You see, with communicable diseases, we have a double responsibility: to us, it is not good to be sick, and to others, Scientific-Technological Area, pp. 3 de 9 because we can pass it on.

Now comes the flu vaccine, which is very, very important. Almost as much as washing hands with some frequency, and of course, before eating. And if not, look at the ways of contagion. Jointly, the two measures can avoid many colds and flu infections, especially viral ones. Remember that there are very few drugs against viruses.

4. True or False: Diseases and Viruses

Indicate whether the following statements are true (V) or false (F): (5 points)

• [F] Vaccines cure diseases.
• [F] Viruses are the only organisms that spread diseases.

5. Antibiotics and Antivirals

Are antibiotics effective as antivirals? Justify your answer. (5 points)

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No, antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Antibiotics target bacterial infections, while antivirals are specifically designed to combat viral infections. They have different mechanisms of action.

6. Infectious Diseases

What other types of infectious diseases do you know? Write two examples and say what causes them (5 points)

Example 1: ……………………………………….. ………………………………………….. …………………………….

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Example 1: Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Example 2: Malaria, caused by the Plasmodium parasite transmitted through mosquito bites.

7. Differences Between Viruses and Bacteria

Name three differences between a virus and bacteria. (5 points)

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1. Viruses are not considered living organisms, while bacteria are.

2. Viruses require a host cell to reproduce, while bacteria can reproduce independently.

3. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria.

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C. Exercises from Graphical Information

(30 points)

8. Pneumatic Circuit Analysis

A pneumatic circuit uses the energy contained in compressed air to do some useful work. Pneumatic circuits are formed by various elements that are responsible both for performing the work and for manufacturing and storing compressed air, conditioning it, distributing it, and controlling its movement through the circuit.

In the picture that illustrates this question, you have a picture of a simple pneumatic circuit.

a. Identifying Components of a Pneumatic Circuit

Note that some of the elements that compose it are numbered. You have to complete a table on which you will indicate which item in the list corresponds to each image number and describe in a few words what its role is within the circuit. (5 points)

Item List:

Cylinder, Valve, Compressor, Tank

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b. Applications of Pneumatic Circuits

Why would you use this type of circuit? (5 points)

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Pneumatic circuits are used for their safety, simplicity, and ability to operate in various environments. They are commonly used in automation, robotics, and industrial machinery.

c. Differences Between Pneumatic and Hydraulic Circuits

Write three differences between a pneumatic and a hydraulic circuit. (5 points)

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1. Pneumatic circuits use compressed air, while hydraulic circuits use liquid (usually oil).

2. Hydraulic circuits can generate much higher forces than pneumatic circuits.

3. Pneumatic circuits are generally faster than hydraulic circuits.

9. Data Representation and Analysis

Javier has prepared a series of data in tabular form. José Luis has made a statistical graphic. Both have made mistakes. Observe both pieces of information and respond to the questions.

a. Names of Data Representation Methods

What do you call the ways that Javier and Jose Luis have presented the data? (5 points)

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Javier used a table, and Jose Luis used a pie chart.

b. Errors in Data Representation

What mistakes have each of them committed? (5 points)

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Javier: The total for IES Waves is incorrect (85 + 405 = 490, not 320). Jose Luis: The pie chart does not accurately represent the proportions of students in each institute, and the labels are unclear.

Wind IES

Levante

IES Hedgehog

Mar

The IES

Surf

The IES

Beach

Scientific-Technological Area, pp. 6 de 9

c. Percentage of Students in ESO

What is the total percentage (counting the four IES) of students enrolled in ESO? (5 points)

SOLUTION: …………….

Total ESO students: 145 + 85 + 350 + 250 = 830. Total students: 208 + 490 + 510 + 307 = 1515. Percentage of ESO students: (830 / 1515) * 100 = 54.79%

D. Writing a Text on an Energy-Related Topic

(10 points)

10. The Importance of Energy

You have seen the importance of energy in your life, for your well-being, your family, and your friends. For your health. And you’ve also seen how it has such an enormous influence on the world economy. We’d like to read what you think about this issue, and we ask that you write an essay of about 150 words, including references to the following topics:

• a. What is energy?
• b. What energies do you know?
• c. What effects can two of these energies have on our way of life?
• d. What are the two most common ways to use energy in our ways that are also cheap to produce?

Please note in your essay the following aspects: presentation, spelling, structure, and cohesive devices.

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Energy is the capacity to do work or produce change. It exists in various forms, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, and electrical. For instance, electrical energy powers our homes, enabling us to use appliances and lighting, significantly impacting our daily routines. Another example is thermal energy, used for heating and cooking. Two common and relatively cheap ways to produce energy are burning fossil fuels (like coal and natural gas) and hydroelectric power, which harnesses the energy of moving water. These methods, while cost-effective, have environmental implications that need careful consideration.

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E. Resolution of a Problem

(15 points)

11. Specific Heat and Water Temperature

The approach to the situation: How much warm water?

When we supply heat to a body, it usually increases its temperature. But do all bodies increase their temperature in the same way when they absorb the same amount of heat? No, it all depends on a characteristic of the materials known as specific heat.

Lead, for example, is a material with a very small specific heat, only 129 J/(kgºK). If we heat a block of 5 kg of lead from 22ºC to 57ºC, we would need to provide 22,575 J (which are about 5.84 kcal).

Other materials have large specific heats; water, for example, is 4180 J/(kgºK).

a. Calculating Water Temperature After Heat Supply

If we had 5 liters of water at 22°C and supplied 5.84 kcal of heat, what would be the water temperature? (5 points)

Please note the following to make your calculations:

• Consider that 1 liter of water = 1 kg of water.
• The equivalence between Joule and calorie intake is: 1 J = 0.24 cal.
• The formula that relates the heat gained by the temperature change is:

HEAT = MASS × SPECIFIC HEAT × (FINAL TEMPERATURE – INITIAL TEMPERATURE)

SOLUTION: ………….

Heat = 5.84 kcal = 5840 cal = 24333.33 J. Mass = 5 kg. Specific Heat = 4180 J/(kgºK). Initial Temperature = 22ºC. 24333.33 = 5 * 4180 * (Final Temperature – 22). Final Temperature = 23.17ºC

b. Water Temperature with Double Specific Heat

What would the water temperature be if the specific heat were double? (5 points)

SOLUTION: ………….

If the specific heat were double (8360 J/(kgºK)), then: 24333.33 = 5 * 8360 * (Final Temperature – 22). Final Temperature = 22.58ºC

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c. Relationship Between Specific Heat and Temperature Change

Comparing the results of issue a with b, what do you expect to happen in a material having lower specific heat? Will its temperature rise much to provide heat, or will it not go up much? Explain your answer. (5 points)

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In a material with lower specific heat, the temperature will rise more when heat is provided. This is because specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree. A lower specific heat means less heat is needed for the same temperature change.

F. Study of a Solved Problem

(10 points)

12. Kinetic Energy Calculations

Here is a problem that includes the solutions explained. You will have to read the problem and review the proposed solutions to address the issues posed at the end.

Problem: Remember the formula for kinetic energy in a moving body:

E_c = ½ * m * v²

Question 1. What kinetic energy will a truck have when it goes at 10 m/s? Express the answer in SI units.

Resolution: First, you must pass all units to the international system (Kg, m, sec.). This is the case of the Ton, you have to convert it to Kilos. And a mass of 20 tons is 20,000 kg.

Then you need to raise the speed squared:

(10 m/s)² equals 100 (m²/s²)

You also have units for operations.

Finally, multiply the two numbers and divide by 2.

KE = ½ * 20,000 Kg * 100 m²/s² = 1,000,000 kg m²/s² = 1,000,000 Joules

Question 2. What is the mass of a van that moves at double the speed of the truck in the previous question if it has the same kinetic energy?

Resolution: In the formula, the mass is not given directly, and therefore it must be cleared. This is done by passing the speed off the power, dividing, as the ½.

E_c = ½ * m * v² => m = (E_c) / (½ * v²)

Then you need to find the data. They are in the previous section. The kinetic energy is 1,000,000 kg m²/s². The rate is double of 10 m/s, then is 20 m/s.

Substitute into the above formula and get the result.

m = (1,000,000 Kg m²/s²) / (½ * 20² m²/s²) = 5,000 Kg

Scientific-Technological Area, pp. 9 de 9

Now, answer the following multiple-choice questions about the problem. Mark the correct answer:

a. Evaluation of Resolution in Question 1

The proposed resolution in question 1 is: (5 points)

• [V] Right
• [F] Incorrect because there is no need to change anything because Ton is an international unit.
• [F] Incorrect because the final operation is badly done. It should be 4,000,000.
• [F] Incorrect because the kinetic energy is not calculated well.

b. Evaluation of Resolution in Question 2

The proposed resolution in question 2 is: (5 points)

• [V] Right
• [F] Incorrect because the mass is cluttered.
• [F] Wrong because the speed of the van is 5 m/s.
• [F] Incorrect because the math is wrong, it should be 8,000 kg.