s
gene idea the model that says that parents pass on discrete heritable unit-genes-that retain their separate identities in offspring Character a heritable feature that varies among individuals (color) Trait specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another (purple) true-breeding term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate hybridization the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids P generation Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross. F1 generation the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms F2 generation the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation law of segregation Mendel’s first law, stating that each allele in a pair separates (segregates) into a different gamete during gamete formation. Mendel’s model
1. Alternative
versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.
2. For each character an organism inherits two copies of a gene, one from each
parent. 3. If two alleles at the locus differ, then the dominant allele
determines the organism’s appearance, the recessive has no noticeable effect. 4.
Law of segregation alleles alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable
phenotypic effects dominant allele one whose trait always shows up in the
organism when the allele is present recessive allele an allele that has no
noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is
heterozygous for that gene. Punnett square a chart that shows all the possible
combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross homozygous term
used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular
trait heterozygous an organism that has two different alleles for a trait phenotype
The physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make
up. Genotype the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism testcross the
crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
individual to determine the unknown genotype monohybrid genetic cross that
involves one trait monohybrid cross mating of two organisms that differ in only
one character dihybrid Crosses between individuals that differ in two traits dihybrid
cross A cross in which two characteristics are tracked. law of independent
assortment each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of
alleles during gamete formation multiplication rule to determine the
probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of
another addition rule A rule of probability stating that the probability of any
one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by
adding their individual probabilities.
complete dominance A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. incomplete dominance production of a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous parents codominance A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways Tay-Sacks disease
A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. polydactyly
pertaining to having more than the normal number of fingers and toes
pleiotropy A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype (more than one phenotypic expression) epistasis A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus quantitative characters characters that vary in the population along a continuum (in gradations) polygenic inheritance An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. norm of reaction
The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences. Multifactorial many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence phenotype pedigree A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations. Carrier individual who has one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not exhibit symptoms
consanguineous mating mating between biological relatives cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus sickle-cell disease Caused by a change in one amino acid in Beta Hemoglobin. Causes the red blood cell to make a crescent shape. The cell can’t carry enough oxygen. Achondroplasia A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal Huntington’s disease
genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until the age of 30 or so amniocenteses
A diagnostic medical procedure that removes a sample of amniotic fluid by inserting a needle in the amniotic sac. A way to check genetic health & development of a fetus.
chorionic villus sampling sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities