Rice Cultivation: Origin, Importance, and Cultivation Techniques
Rice Cultivation: Origin and Importance
The cultivation of rice began nearly 10,000 years ago in many humid regions of tropical and subtropical Asia. India is probably the country where rice was first cultivated because it abounded in wild rice.
In Bolivia, the most suitable areas for rice cultivation are in the Department of Santa Cruz, where in 1996 the crop area reached 131 thousand hectares and production was 344 thousand tons.
Rice Research and Breeding in Bolivia
Since 1989, Mr. Toyozo Tanaka, JICA Expert Engineer in rice cultivation, has been conducting an intense and dedicated work to achieve rice cultivation up to high expectation levels, both in the interest of farmers and consumers. This work still continues to be developed and has allowed on 27 February 1999, the celebration of the First Day of Rice in the Colony San Juan de Yapacani, with remarkable success.
This activity has also become a part of the contribution to agricultural development in Santa Cruz, and of course, Bolivia.
Among the new varieties brought to the attention of stakeholders by CIAT and the Bolivian counterpart executing agency cooperation, we can mention the varieties of Urupa, TACU, Tutumo, JISUNU, and more.
Economic Importance and Geographical Distribution
Worldwide, rice ranks second after wheat in view of the harvested area, but considering its importance as a food crop, rice provides more calories per acre than any other cereal crop. Besides its importance as food, rice provides more employment to the rural sector in most of Asia, it is the typical cereal southern and eastern Asia.
Taxonomy
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a monocotyledon belonging to the family Poaceae.
Climate, Temperature
Germination at a minimum of 10 to 13 º C, considered optimal between 30 and 35 º C. Above 40 ° C germination does not occur.
The growth of the stem, leaves, and roots have a minimum of 7 º C, considered optimal at 23 º C. At temperatures above this, the plants grow faster, but the tissues are too soft, still more susceptible to attack by diseases.
The tall is influenced by temperature and by reducing the length of days.
Soil
Sandy to clay. The optimum pH for rice is 6.6.
Fertilization
The average requirement of nutrient/ton of rice production is 21 kg nitrogen, 11 kg P2O5, and 18 kg K2O. From these data, we can deduce that a subscriber, thinking in a production of 7,000 kg, can be about: 150 Ud N, 100 you P2O5, 100 you K2O
Site Preparation
With outstanding should not exceed one per thousand, and is even preferable to level zero, which allows tables up to 15 ha. In late winter, the work is done to raise with moldboard plow or cultivator of hooks. To leave enough ground can be broken up two passes necessary to double cross scarifier.
According to some farmers, it should be given the work of puddling, because it seems that direct seeding-growth is difficult, but is emerging as the most practical and in most cases, give a slight pass puddling. This pass is given tractor fitted with cage wheels, giving no overlap between passes, as before.
Seeding
The amount of seed used should result in a number of stems/m2 after tillering, which is the optimal production for each variety, producing spikes ripen as evenly as possible. For short panicle varieties to give a and stems rather thick stems/m2 number may best be estimated at 250-300 while panicle varieties of long and open, thin stem, this number should be between 300-350 stems / m2.
The average dose would be 140-180 kg sowing of seed per ha. In rice planting, it does not cover anything. The machines have tubes that can go above the water level. When planting is done by plane, it should not fly very high, as in this case too penetrates the seed and not born. The plane should be sown when there is no wind.
Cultural Work
Once implanted the culture, the work to perform are reduced with irrigation and the application of herbicides and pesticides in your case. The irrigation must be careful that the water level has the proper height in relation to plant development.
In the early days, the level must be high to protect seedlings from cold to impede the development of weeds, prevent surface movement water by the wind start to the young seedlings, rooted yet, and if you use certain herbicides, to prevent its degradation.
As the plant grows should reduce these levels to allow better growth and respiration of leaves, they must”ta” above the water. Once implanted the culture is maintained with slight water level variations, should the renewal of the same to get the best oxygenation and temperature.
Irrigation
The irrigation system used in rice fields are different from static systems, recycle and water collection. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of each system and its potential impact on water quality, allow the rice to choose the system best suited to their farming operations, and then describe each briefly and concisely:
- System continuous flow irrigation.
- Recovery system for recycling drain water.
- Static irrigation system.
- Irrigation system using water recovery.
Weeds
The competition of weeds in rice varies with the type of crop, planting method, variety, and cultivation techniques (soil preparation, density planting, fertilizing, etc.)..
Wild Rice
The savage or wild rice is one of the main problems of rice cultivation, along with control of weeds since it gives rise to great economic losses.
Gathering
The optimal timing collection is when the panicle reached physiological maturity (when 95% of the grains are straw color and the rest are yellow) and grain moisture is from 20 to 27%. We recommend using a mechanized harvesting harvester fitted with tracks.
Selection Mechanics
Following completion of harvesting and drying operations of each line for seed, carried out the determinations of regulatory quality (impurities, humidity, red beans, germination, etc.), eliminating those that do not meet the necessary conditions.
Pests and Diseases
- RED WORMS AND WHITE RICE
- Pudent OR BUG paddy
- Drill RICE
- TIJERETA paddy
- Donut: (Mythimna)
- Aphids
- Rhizoctonia solani
- Stalk rot, Fusarium moliniforme. Sarocladium oryzae)
- Brown spots, Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Drechslera oryzae
- Tungro
- NEMATODES