Restoration & Reign of Alfonso XIII: Spain 1875-1931
Reinstatement (1875-1931)
Alfonso XII’s Reign (1875-85)
Expression and MTZ Sandhurst’s military pronouncement. Measures by Campos: Close ties with the church, army, and people; the king as supreme commander to avoid pronouncements; closure of opposition newspapers; the 1876 Constitution; 1876 Zanjón Peace (end of the First Cuban War); end of the Third Carlist War; rotation system; caciquismo; the 1876 Constitution left many outside the political system (republicans, socialists, etc.).
Alfonso XIII: Minority Age (1885-1902)
Maria Cristina’s regency: Continuation of the Restoration to maintain oligarchic power. Opposition existed. Measures were taken to appease democrats (freedom of speech, press, association, unionization, universal suffrage). 1898, loss of Puerto Rico and Cuba. Crisis of the Restoration. Criticism of the ’98 Disaster.
Alfonso XIII: Reign (1902-31)
1902-23: Continuation of the Restoration. 1902-05, 1905-07: Liberal and Conservative governments (incorporating cu-cut!). 1907-09, 1909-12: Liberal and Conservative governments. 1909 Tragic Week. Rotation system difficulties from 1912-23, with over 17 governments. Annual governmental changes and instability. Failure of the system (1921) led to the dismantling of the Restoration.
1923-30: Military dictatorship. Military Directorate of Primo de Rivera (1923-25): Concentration of all military and administrative power under his decree. Creation of the Patriotic Union. Civil Directorate (1930-31): Government approval by civilians. D. Berenguer’s plan: Municipal elections leading to parliamentary elections. Aim to bring down the opposition. Path to a revolutionary monarchy. Jaca uprising, Treaty of San Sebastian, elections, political failure of the monarchy. Alfonso XIII goes into exile.
Opposition Factors
Carlists, Republicans (historical, progressive, democrat to federal), PSOE, CNT, PCE, peripheral nationalism.
Tragic Week
1909. Reservists called to Morocco, general strike organized, army suppression.
Bipartisan Rotation System
Invented by Cánovas. Aimed for political stability through power sharing between parties. Two alternating parties: Conservatives (Cánovas, landowners, upper middle class, aristocrats, high-ranking civil servants and military) and Liberals (lower middle class). In reality, few significant differences and consensus reached. Both agreed on: aspects of the dual rotation system, Bourbon monarchy, king’s sovereignty, the Courts, 1876 Constitution, private property, capitalist system, centralism (abolition of Basque charters), restrictive laws (press freedom). Electoral system manipulated through fraud: Fake minutes, vote buying, deceased voters, caciquismo.
1898 Disaster
America: Cuba and Puerto Rico. Spain received constant money. Significant mestizaje. Desire for independence from Spain, limiting taxes, ending slavery, ending dependence. Phases: Grito de Yara for Cuban independence, followed by the Peace of Zanjón (Spain’s commitments not met, leading to renewed war led by José Martí and the Cuban Revolutionary Party in Paris). Puerto Rico: Peace agreement bypassed by Spain in Cuba.
Asia and the Pacific: Philippines and small islands. Low investment and limited money flow to Spain. Few Spanish visitors, limited mestizaje. Cause of independence: End Spanish presence, confiscate large estates, end economic dependence. War began in 1895, supported by the US. Independence leader Rizal. Philippines and other islands lost.
Conclusions: Neocolonial economic dependence on the USA. Spanish language disappeared, except in the Catholic Philippines. Spain lost 50,000 soldiers. Impact on international life (loss of the last empire, Ondarreta, becoming a second-rate power), economic life (positive end of the war, non-millionaire investments in Spain to maintain economic relations with Cuba), and political life (republicans and socialists demanded profound reviews, criticizing caciquismo and intellectual corruption of democracy, calling for true regeneration (Joaquín Costa)).
Annual Disaster
The 1898 disaster led to two positions: anti-colonialist (favoring regeneration, republicanism, etc.) and pro-colonialist (agreement with France to divide Morocco). Spain began a peaceful colonial venture in Morocco, initially facing problems but leading to many deaths and increased military influence, culminating in the Tragic Week (1909). The Annual Disaster (1921) resulted in 14,000 Spanish deaths. Defense Juntas formed.
World War I (1914-18)
Spain remained neutral due to its weak political, military, and economic position. Problems with neutrality: Massacres of Spaniards, division between Allies supporters (left) and Germanophiles (right). Significant variation: Rich bourgeoisie benefited, while the majority suffered increased misery and radicalization.
1917 Crisis
The year of three revolutions: Military: Defense Juntas formed meetings (due to low salaries and perceived favoritism) to pressure the government for wage increases and greater respect for the army. Bourgeoisie: Numerous governmental problems led to the call for a parliamentary assembly (to form a unity government to save the country), led by Cambó. 59 deputies met in Barcelona, Catalan bourgeoisie seeking greater autonomy, challenging the Restoration monarchy, but aiming for reform rather than revolution. Workers: Workers sought change through street protests, with a successful general strike on August 16th organized by the UGT. The government made promises but changed the president, leading to another general strike to ensure success. UGT waited, while CNT attempted to act quickly. Violent repression of strikers by the army to maintain its image.
Miguel Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-30)
: 23, against the government konplo de Rivera, Madrid, Catalonia, I bartzelonan.Primo military coup have been captain of the year (not odolik). bihurtu.EPEALDIAK Spain’s authoritarian regime: the military directory (23-25): the dissolution of Parliament, suspended the Constitution of 1876, the publication of the decree incompatible, civil sortu.Direktorio UP (25-30): civil government approval, more than the economy, state-iterbentzionista> to promote industrialization, promote public works, services and garatu.OPOSIZIOA GAINBERAKADA: PSOE, intellectual, Catalan (the language that it was against jasarpena), army (separated Peninsula ta Morocco, Morocco cousin), middle class (because the government does not think that had a duration) .1929 multiplied by protests jauntxokeria eta.30an resignation was a plan onartu.Berrenguerrek-> stepped egin.bitartean electoral pact San Sebastian (31) (PSOE, nationalist, republican), Republic of build-> Jaca pron, failure, rally and press a lot of (political way), the majority of votes in municipal elections, Republicans demanded Alfonso XIII into exile I 2.errepublika. EHN labor movement: the bourgeoisie gatazkak.1886an Facundo Perezagua migrant workers I first socialist society eratu.Tomas Basque leader sozialista.Sozialismora thousands of foreigners working in the first councilor hurbildu.PSOEK EHn.lan many conflicts around mining (8 working hours, I ask for other conditions) (PNV created ELA) by .1890 mehatzarien 1.greba.92an garrantzitsua.1910ean mining strike in a successful strike. In 1915, moderate current (Indalecio Prieto) (PSOE) strikes regardless of the political means to strike organized in 1917 overthrew Leontius nai.baina jartzeko.porrot egin.PSOEtik stake and away from some of PCE sortu.errusiako international socialism, the revolution is divided into two ta (ta sozia communists). Workers’ Movement: two Spanish international trend: Marxist: PSOE, Pablo Iglesias created, I want to create a class society without freedom of press, universal suffrage, 8orduko laneguna.1888 UGT trade union founded in 1910, 1 st P.iglesias diputatua.P.Riveraren kolaborazionista political dictatorship of the UGT, primo imparted by the committee I participated in an official eduki.Errusiako kargo Largo Caballero after the 1917 revolution, the two currents to create the Socialist party: not a revolution (PSOE) and the komunistakiraultza, created in 1921 PCE.Anarchist: No violence of any countries kontra.batzuk (Madrid, through) in favor of some other (rural Andalucia), CNT in 1911 and reached the weak XX.mendera create anarkosindikalismo (general strike, the correct action …) I 11tik23rarte sendotu.diktaduran illegal obtained from all authorities hil.mugimendu: 8orduko working, retired employees, but work from ministry after the assassination (1921) Presence repression lot of nationalism in the mug: I uniformista centralist state was also emphasized both the national izan.alderdi regional nationalist I found: CAT EH (strong) Galicia, Andalusia (weak). CAT nationalism: Elizabeth II: Lost charters Carlism CAT-> porrota.errepublikano fderalak military organization in favor of federal-> 1.errep porrot.Berrezarkuntzan: Errenaixanca mug to create a cultural-> aldarrikatu.autonomistak modern style, indepen.1882an not Almirall, Centre Catala sortu.Burgesia kontser League sortu.1891an Prat de la Riba de Catalunya Unio Catalan-born> 1.batzarra to Manresa: Manresa Principles (1892), but in 1901 and created the most successful regional lortu.II League. Catala proclaimed Republic of static, the Statute of Autonomy. Basque nationalism: Carlist War, the two charters indargabetu.EHn trend: those who take advantage of the new situation (economic kontzetu aprobetxau, kontser higher middle class) against the new state I (the lower middle class) -> ESP hate liberalism, ARANA identitatea.SABIN Basque homeland in the Basque industrialization change sortzailea.PNV create national awareness of ourselves, to release hegoEH helburu.katoliko tradizionalista works … declare independence, euskeldun batzokiya create PNV created, created the flag. Sabin Arana political approach: 1.-EH charters do not disappear berreskuratu.2.-5 based on the Basque nation (race, language, government laws ta, ta the nature of political identity, habits I) .3 .- txarkerietatik Basque society in the modern world must be saved (Emigrants, laizismoa …) for links ESPrekin Arana was alive during the PNV hautsi.Sabin Eon very successful throughout the EH moderatua.hiltzean zabaldu.Ramon de la Sota wealthy PNV bultzatu.Batzokiak created, created Euzko Young, ALS sortu.barnean two former winners in the current autonomous independentistak.Kongresu I remove it. BASQUE nationalism in history: (1894-1936) mentioned above if I vasca nationalist PNV called communion, and the success of Bergen assembly PNV was the name of the recovery and distribution of a (EAE-ANV). BERREZAPENAEN ECONOMY. desorekatuta.bi ESP world were very different: periphery, industralizatuta a little, modern, kapitalista.gobernuaren protection or limit protekzionismoa zergeei zuen.Espainiako regard to the industrialization of failure, very late hasteagatik.BARNEALDEKO FIELDS: Agriculture oinariturik.hau it back in (the distribution of unsuitable land, the state nkazariak hungry …) Some emigrated abroad. Reasons for failure of industrialization: the seizure of the money was not invested in the purchase of atzerapena.lurrak caused by agricultural industries to generate money that I only get the land, and the modernization of non-teknifikatzeko> October productivity, to a wide range of labor, trade is weak, the importance of the transport network vulnerability . OTHER INDUSTRIES: agro-food industry: flour factories, tobacco companies, company, sugar, wine, chemical industria.Industria: Spanish Soziedad of explosives, fertilizers, medicines … Industrial Mechanical: armagntza, ohialgintza, paper industry … Argindan: Spanish society electricity, hidroelectrica española.Ontzigintza: Shipyards of nervion.Aseguruak: The Union and the world español.FINANTZEN fenix: 1856 emissions banking and credit associations in-law of> the starting point for the modernization of the financial system.