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-ECONOMIC REGONS: the Eu States are a diverse group of countries, with different economic, social and demographic characteristics. There are distinct economic regions withing the EU. –CENTRAL AND ATLANTIC EUROPE: High levels of income per capita and main economic driving force in teh EU. Area with energy resources, good communications and strong industrial sector. THE NORDIC REGION: dynamic economic, high levels income per capita and advanced welfares state. Large investement in tecnhnology. EASTERN EUROPE: Low levels of icome per capita. Obsolete industrial sector and primary is the most important sector. THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION: moderate levels of income per capital. Important agricultural sector, declinning industries and high revenues from tourim.
COHESIONS AND INEQUALITIES IN THE EU: european union; implements polices through financial mechanisms to promete the development of less-advanced reguions and achieve social and ecomic cohesion. TYPES: -Structural funds (cohesion funds) that are used to help countries whose Gross Ntional icome is below 90% of tyhe EU avarge, to adapt their economies and become more competitive. -To investment funds.
LOCALITATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: –Primary sector: Employs very few people (2%). Crop and livestook farming, forestry are very productuve due to the use of high-tech methods. –Secondary sector: employs 28% of the populatiion; it is energy dependent (importants of oils and gas). Industrials sectors very diverse, 3 reguions: central (italy, germany, UK), Mediterranean and eastern. –Tertiary sector: employs 70% of the population. Deset transport networks in the wold’s; the EU has the wold’s largest economy. Financial sector very important: 2 main currencies in the world (€ and pound). Generates more than a trid of all the world’s tourism revenue.
ESTRUCTURAL: ERDF: the E Regional Development Fund. ESF: the E Social Fund. THE FUNDS: The Cohesion Fund. THE ESI FUNDS: EMFF: the E Maritime and Fisheries Fund. EAFRD: The E Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.
PRIMARY SECTOR ACTIVIES IN SPAIN: LOCALITATION: Due to the low precipitation and high average elevation, there are large areas of crop and livestock farming. Spain’s long coastline also means it has an important fishing industry. AGRICULTURE: it’s commercial, it uses high-tech methods and is very productive. 79% of Spain’s farmland is used for extensive non-irrigated crop farming: Predominant in inland areas, where there is lots of land and low population. Yields have increased due to the mechanization and the use of high-tech methods. Common crops: olive trees, vines and cereals. 21% of Spain’s farmland is used for irrigated farming: -Intensive: in greenhouses and open fiels each year.; Extensive:In open fields, produces only one harvest, but the yields are higher. LIVESTOCK FARMING: 2 types: intensive (farmed animals) and extensive (open pastureland.) Large investements in vetyerinary care and animal selection. FORESTRY: Spain has many lands of forests. The main eaw materials obtained in thois sector are: wood, resin and cork. FISHING: the Spanish fishing fleet is one of the largest in the wold. Spain is the largest fish producer in the EU. 70% of production is through catches and 30% aquaculture.
SECONDARY SECTOR ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN: MINING: decrease in the number of mines, jobs and general productivity due to3 reasons:best deposits of mineral have been exhausted. The collapse of the construction sector (led to decreased demand). Competition from abroad: low prices because of their high production. -COAL MINING: profiability problem: cheaper to produce electricity using imported coal from other countries. Affected by EU’s environmental policies, taht are leading to the sector’s disappearance. ENERGY SOURCES: during the mi-20th century to meet growing demands for electrictity, the Goverment opted to: used coal and oil as energy sources. opened the first nuclear power strtions. Over the las 15 years, renewable energies have become more important for different reasons: the dependence on oil. The EU’s enviromental policies to reduice carbon dioxide emissions and diversify energy sources. The renewable energy boom, comned with the decrease in electricity consumption, has resulted in overcapacity.
INDUSTRY: crisis in the sector in the 1970s–industrial restructuring (in the 1980). Industrial restructuring police: purpose: modernize and adapt the industry to foreig competition and the demand of the EU: Unprofitable industries close or reducce their production–increase of unemployment and social protests. Industrial offshoring: factories were moved to developing countries, with cheaper wages and less strict employmental regulations. Urgent reindustrialization zones were established and creation of new industries. CARACTERISTICS: predominance of SMEs: dificult to complete in the world, but generate the most jobs in Spain; Dependence on foreign technology: but patents, raw materials and energy abroad; Presence of large multinationals: responsible for mostt production activity and profits. INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN SPAIN: 1. Declining industrial zones: specialize in industries undergoing intensive restructuring. 2. Dynamic industrial zones: diversification of industrial activities and presence of innovative sectors. Most of the industries around metropolitan areas and major trnasport links. MAIN INDUSTRIES IN SAPIN: 1. food: in areas close to raw materials or where consumption is high; 2 Automotive: export-oriented, diminated by multinationals; 3.Petrochemical: important for the energy sector;4 Metallurgy and iron and teel industry: currently being restructured ()Cataluñ, País Vas. y Cantr.). 5.Electricity, electronics and optical materials: innovative and very valuable (mad, bar y Pa. Vas.)
SPAINS’S TERTIARY SECTOR: employsmore people than any other sector– tertiarization of the economy. Main subcectors: TRADE: -Domestic: predominance of SMEs and large shopping centers are increasing their market ; -FOREIGN: increase of exports in the las 15 years.
TROURISM: Spain is a leading tourist destination: numbers of tourist has increased. Sector very important for the economy, generates big income. Culture, heritage, weather, beaches lower prices are features that attract visitors.
TRANSPORT: -ground transport is the predominant. the road network has improve over the las 30 years, thanks to the EU subsides. -The railway netwok has aslo changed, technical improvemets and high-speed trains have been introduced. -Air transport is essential for the tourism sector. -The sea transport is based in a few ports, specialise in transport of goods.