Public Works Budgeting and Construction Project Management
1. Introduction
1.2. Design and Implementation of Public Works
1.2.2. Different Stages
a) Required:
- Previous study (Study of alternatives) – Cost, Impact, Appearance, Limits, Damages
- Basic project (depending on the extent of the work), no detailed plans, Budget and feasibility of alternatives
b) Construction project (executive): In charge of consulting firms.
- Memory and appendages
- Plan
- Technical Specification individuals
- Budget
c) Performance of the work: In charge of construction companies.
- Management: Owner of the work
- Construction management (that is not running), to solve problems
- Contractor: construction company, is who really runs it
d) Maintenance and care: In charge of the administration, attempts to do the work in the most eternal way, to save on the budget for maintenance and conservation. (He tries to minimal maintenance, as eg metal structures). In this section we must consider vandalism.
1.2.3. Legislation Regulating
LCAP: Contract Act government. This law regulates how projects should be written and how they should be hired (all types of contract). In particular the technical assistance and implementation force, (tb supplies).
There are different types of contract:
a) Preparation of project
- Construction management
- Execution of work
b) Preparation of plans and oversee the work to the same company
- Implementation of the work
c) Design contests, and WORK: The project chosen by contest is assigned execution.
- Drafting of project and execution of work
- Construction management (sometimes a team from the same administration)
The execution of work and management, have to go by different companies, as they seek conflicting objectives.
Processes for hire:
The company is planning or administration. The forms of competitive recruitment are: Where we take into account criteria technical and economic, or AUCTION: Where the criterion of award is the lowest bid, the lowest bidder without dropping in the low reckless.
The Procedures may be open, restricted or negotiated.
Open: the administration is published and any company may occur, these must meet the specifications: clauses administrative and technical conditions. It is usually published in the official gazettes. The publication called “out to tender” (it published and deposited the specifications and terms to be respondents).
Restricted: The administration sent a letter to a number of particular business, and this, among which they said, chooses the one presented.
Bureau: In emergency works, (to restore a series of important services). Agree the price before you start work.
The bidding ends when companies give the project.
The offer: The administration is studying the bids submitted, taking into account the economic bids (auction) or economic and technical (in competition).
The award: The administration awarded the contract to a company determined.
1.2.4. Structure of a Constructive Project
It consists of four documents: Report and Annexes, drawings, specifications specific technical requirements (PPTP) and budget.
1.2.4.1. MEMORY:
It tries to succinctly convey a clear idea of the work to run. The purpose of memory is attached to extend the information required for the project (which would be directly in memory, would lose the thread). Memory is the guide to penetrate more are appendages.
Sections of the report:
- Justification of prices (as detailed in the annexes).
- Budget execution material (PEM), budget execution Contractual (PEC, by which the work out to tender) and budget knowledge of the administration (PCA, tb is sent to an annex).
- Safety and health (tb still attached).
The memory has to be signed.
1.2.4.2. ROUTE:
The most important thing about graphic and definition. Starts with a index level, general location, to get more detailed about where enter parts of the work.
1.2.4.3.PPTP:
Which explains how to do the work. It must also be signed.
- Party general (normative).
- Materials.
- Items of work.
- Measurement and payment: how they will measure and pay for each item of work.
1.2.4.4.PRESUPUESTO:
Each measurement multiplied by its price, will give the amount. The sum of all amounts, is the budget.
- Box Price: You set the price of each item of work, No. 1: The game and its value (in number and number). No. 2: Each game is separated from the material that influences the price of the rest. (For differentiate the exercise price).
- Measurement: Measure each unit prices, as detailed as possible. Ex: Slab foundation, side walls … Auxiliary measurements are not covered in the table.
Budget: A budget chapter and a final budget summary (PEM, SGP) and must also be signed. Statistics are also placed starting value the% of budget items or materials equal.
1.2.5. Structure of Work in Performance
1.2.5.1. CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION:
Must be shown in the sheets. It describes the laws and then specifically, each project has its classification.
It takes into account the time and cost of the items above even 20% of total budget.
Annuities are also defined, with these looks in the BOE, the subsection, contractor classification scheme, the classification of contractor.
The coefficients of annuities are two, the VAT (1.16) and 13% of 6% overhead and profit, the value to convert the PEM in PEC.
Groups, subgroups and categories:
Annuities allow you to divide the subgroups in categories.
Ex:
SUB GROUPS CATEGORIES
To execute the work the company should have a classification of contractor greater than or equal to the required specifications. This classification must be present in the project.
1.2.5.2. PARTS OF THE WORK
a) Ownership: Management.
b) Contractor: (play). Construction company.
c) Address of works: Answer the quality and well run the play.
d) Project Manager (Monitoring): The representation of ownership in the work. His job is to correct the project, an interest in developing this and monitor the implementation. This is a follow-up both at the stage of project and in the workforce.
1.2.5.3. BUDGET ALLOCATION:
In an annex contractors know how to be marked according to criteria for awarding a contract works, these are set by the administration. In a contest is the Offer Economic: According to a chart: Points are taken into account the mean and standard deviation.
In a contest also takes into account the technical offer: that values:
- Work program (planing).
- Team (the team president who will lead the work).
- Similar works.
Normally the technical staff changes, to ensure government, put in the statement that if you change, this may restrict the contract.
Low: In the financial budget execution leaves Contractual PEC.
* price = amount measurements? or amounts = PEM
PEM is added to a 13% overhead (GG) and a 6% profit Industrial (BI). These three shares is made 16% of the VAT and the sum PEC is final.
(PEM + O.13 * PEM + O.O6 * PEM = X??. X + X * O.16 = PEC
At PEC also called budget bidding or bid basis. The base is determined by the PEC. Late is defined as: Low = (1 — (Bid / Tender)) * 100%
TEAM: Organizational rank from most to least.
Delegate Work: It belongs to the management team does not influence directly in the implementation but the company responds to the work.
Head of Work: Must be on site. It is the head of everything that happens in the play. Their decisions must be governed by a vision of the play in general. (Knowing what implies a decision, to the final implementation). Coordination of the work.
Production Management: In works of some magnitude. If you take decisions, usually 2 or 3 months away. Must be present on site.
Charge: Responsible for the work being done by ensuring “good” yields (depending on the pressure and the ethics of each charge). Questioner between running the play and the production manager. Controls several supervisors and their decisions are to view 2 or 3 weeks.
Foreman (or cap de colla): Responsible for one or more slashes (activity in specific part of the work). Eg Ferrallas Foreman. Directs and organizes official of a particular job. Assigns a job particular those under their command and is responsible for performance machinery. Decisions to-day outlook.
Official: Specialized in performing a specific job are a unit of work.
Pawns: Personal non-specialist. Multiple tasks low responsibility.
# Both officers and laborers within the PEM.
2. Valuation of Works
2.1. Types of Projects
2.1.1.1. BASIC PROJECT:
Without plans, budget and feasibility of alternatives.
2.1.1.2. EXECUTIVE OR CONSTRUCTIVE PROJECT:
Determines the unit prices. It is the project that the work goes on bid and awarded.
2.1.1.3. PROJECT MODIFIED:
Amendment to the project base in running the play. At the request of director of the work. The total budget is where the original sale plus the amended. The budget this should not exceed 20% of project original. The same contractor is awarded the main work. “Price contradictory “: Exit at work and was not reflected in the original draft. It remains low.
2.1.1.4. ADDITIONAL PROJECT:
It complements the original. For a small improvement. It awarded independently. Add a value to the work. Improves environmental quality of the work.
2.1.1.5.PROYECTO OF WORK PERFORMED (AGILE OR AS BUILT)
To know how the work was executed. Generally it writes the address force.
2.1.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR PRICES
Items of work and unit prices: Refers to the cost of the finished unit, (besides the material, also takes into account the means for setting volume).
Set of items: For work stations and similar material. Ex: meters linear beam.
Papers that reference price justification wing are:
“Annexed to the report: It summarizes the sources where we get the prices simple overhead are described and referenced even attached to the memory that appears whole price justification.
Prices simple (or simple elements): Each of the elements starting up a work or a composite price:
- Labor.
- Materials.
- Machinery.
Prices compounds: a set of simple elements converted into a material is prepared and consumed on site, is part of a starting work. Ex: kg of steel scrap metal to place. We have to develop or transform into work so you can be part of the game.
Items of Work: A unit price (unit volume). Price Set simple and compound form a unit of work performed by the same group of specialists. EJ: m3 of concrete placed, linear meters of pipe placed.
Set of parts: a force made up of other items of work and that defines a unit of work more extensive than one item, that can perform one or several groups of specialists.
The items and work all have a measuring unit that fits what possible to the concept of the work unit. Be taken into account elements that can be measured.
Ex: Kg Steel, concrete cleaning m3 or m2 thick.
Each government has created their own banks Price:
Coded array and prices likely to be used for assessment of a work. (They modify and adjust).
When creating new prices, is used as a base, simple or prices compounds, previously created.
You can not justify different prices with simple elements, (have codes different for different bases).
It can be measured in two different ways, the same unit of work.
The simple pricing out of force. Handheld prices labor and machinery, are given in hours. The same unit price, retained its value wherever it is placed.
Example: Placement of curb straight, including the base concrete, mortar, grouting and excavation
The work unit is the meter.
P-86: The price of curb linear straight? 1141 ptas. Yield: 1
The performance marked the involvement of equipment or manpower, to form each price. Units are divided by the yield. The performance is unique to each game. The material has no yield. Higher performance means that the amount of work unit will be reduced.
2.1.3 Develop a budget
a) Direct Costs:
Required to run the unit works: labor, materials, machinery and ancillary expenses.
Equipment: This includes the cost of depreciation and maintenance machines and installations. Eg: The Screen bentonite. There is things that are not included, such as transport or positioning.
Ancillary expenses: Jobs, aids and materials for the smooth finish of a work unit. In the justification appear. Ex: Staging, small tools, collection of debris, removal of material within the work, rates of discharges waste …
Ancillary expenses are considered in three ways:
- % of the workforce.
- % Of the work unit.
- Simple elements in a fixed amount.
b) Indirect Costs:
You can not apply directly to the execution of a work unit.
Example: Office on site, communication, on-site laboratories, technical staff.
How to consider:
- % Of direct expenditure in the same amount for all items of work. It often estimated at 5%.
c) ITEMS STANDARD: There is roughly. Example: Transfer of machinery and facilities, services and protection of those affected.
Without justification. We usually two types:
PAPI: Part appellate full payment: The contractor has once carried out the work, is paid in full the value of the game. Te give a little, and you, you can spend more or less.
PAAJ: Item raised to justify. The contractor to justify their expenditure. You just pay what was spent.
Ex: a study of safety and health: The total amount raised as game, PAAJ normally. In a budget, less lines raised against best, will mean that the work has been quantified in a way satisfactory.
PEM material budget execution, including direct costs and indirect.
PEC: Budget execution by contract, consisting of the PEM + expenses general (13% of PEM) + industrial Benefit (6% of PEM), may or may not VAT (16% of the sum).
PCA: Budget to knowledge management. Includes the PEC and other costs borne by the Administration, (related to the project, but independent contractor). Example: Quality control, compensation, expropriations affected services.
2.2. Stage Performance Assessment (introduction to economic monitoring)
2.2.1 BUDGETS
a) tender budget: (PEC of the work). Sale in the project.
b) BUDGET AWARD: When the work is awarded, it has into account the budget comes out in tendering the project and the low.
Low reckless: State seeks assurance from 4% to avoid problems.
2.2.2 CERTIFICATION OF WORK PERFORMED
The way has the property to pay what the contractor is doing.
For the purposes of payment, monthly administration certifications issued including the work performed, and would not constitute approval and acceptance comprising works.
Certifications are down payment and are accompanied by a statement of the valuation of the work at home, and monthly certification is obtained as the difference between total and the previous month.
2.2.4. CONFLICTING PRICES
When a change in the construction contract involves the introduction of units not included in the project, or whose characteristics differ substantially.
These prices are fixed by the government under proposals from the Director and observations of the contractor.
2.2.5 RECEIPT AND PAYMENT OF THE WORK
2.2.5.1 Partial acceptance:
BOUT A portion of the opening to the public and this may be impaired, this damage is not to repair the contractor, this part is finished.
Once the contractor has performed the play, becomes a formal reception and compliance within the next month on delivery. Attend a contractor’s representative, the management and administration. Rises Act of Reception, where everyone accepts that the work is good.
From this moment begins a warranty period, usually 1 (minimum). Within 6 months following receipt of the play wing, he contractor notifies the appropriate disposition and the balance is paid resulting in his case.
The settlement includes all differences adopted for the project and not must be greater than 10% of procurement budget.
2.2.6. ACCOUNT RESUL TS
The contractor has assessed whether gains or losses during the work.
2.2.6.1 INCOME: (PRODUCTION):
What is going to charge for work implemented:
a) Work certifiable: Already implemented and can enter budgets (can be charged), also has an annuity. Is expected to pay.
b) technically approved Work: It’s technically executed and approved, but not economically, not being included in the budget project, or because it was not included in the annuity (you have changed the enforcement order or the work goes faster than expected).
c) Work in progress: It is executed but in the process of technology adoption. Example: You have to reach some resistance in 28 days.
d) Work under discussion: Performed but not certain to be paid at the time. Example: If the resistance does not comply.
2.2.6.2. Expenses (costs):
The resources that have to invert for different work units.
Revenues – expenses give us the Margins:
a) Range of work (MO): Revenue less direct and indirect costs. MO = I-GD-GI
b) Gross margin (MB): Obtained without considering the overhead of central structure of the company. Including charges and expenses general of the territorial delegation. MB = MO-GF – GGDT
c) Margin liguid (ML): This also includes the cost of central company. ML = MB – GGCE
d) benefit have (gain): B = ML-tax companies
RESULTS R = IG revenues less expenses.
Cash flow T = CP received less payments, are not the result (T, R).
3. Measurements
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1. PPTG
Statement of technical requirements.
3.1.2. PPTP
Statement of technical requirements of each project.
3.2. ESPLANADE
3.2.1. PRELIMINARY WORK
3.2.1.1. Clearing of the LAND
Extract or remove from the surface, any material that is undesirable to trial of site management. (When there are trees, they move to nurseries, removal urban elements to a store …).
The measurement is in m 2 or as set forth in the PPTP or included in the cost of excavation.
3 .2.1.2 DEMOLITION
Demolition of all buildings that obstruct the work, or to be to eliminate quits.
Consignments of demolition includes the demolition and removal of material (transporting the material to the landfill, and the rate of these).
The measurement if the buildings are in m 3 outside (point gap and solid), in linear projects is measured at 3 m section demolished in slab: m 2, in cutting disc: mlineal … (for briquettes, can be milled, mlineal).
In the measurement units, you have to take into account scaffolding, formwork … necessary to carry out.
If we find something timely, as remnants of other works, cement, can be included in the excavation.
3.2.2. EXCAVATION
3.2.2.1. THE EXPLANATION AND LOANS
Joint operations to excavate and level the areas where they are grounded the new building and loan areas: excavation outside the ground work for good quality for the leveling.
Prices are:
Excavation in land-classified (NC): price well paid, but sometimes appear very hard rocks, which were not within the budget, and as you can not change the price does not come out profitable. You pay budget before you start.
Excavation on land-classified: pay according to the type of terrain you find, you can raise prices and raise contradictory heading. Somehow you have to justify the prices then you pay. We have different types of excavations on land classified:
- or rock Classifieds: Normally with explosives.
- Classifieds field or in transit from one situation to another, % Rock.
- or ground Classifieds: Simple methods such as retrospective …
Inside the excavation is considered leveling the base.
The land taken, compensation can be exploited for cross and longitudinal (if the lands are of acceptable quality).
The excavation is measured and paid in m 3, measured on cross sections. There are different metrics: with slope, no slope … especially in works nonlinear.
This standard of measurement and payment, shown in the statements.
The price often includes transport to landfill, it also determines the price, because whether you use high-performance machines, the return period of the trucks varies with distance from the landfill, traffic in the vicinity of the work (depending on where you are located) …
The loans are generally included in the price of embankment expensive.
3.2.2.2 in trenches and pits:
With less efficient machinery or under conditions which lead to poor performance.
Many times, budgeted as manual excavation.
In these excavations can be common to find services. The classification is equal to the ranges:
- “Land not classified.
- “Lands classified: Roca, -Transit, Arena.
It takes into account the price, the means necessary to make the excavation.
Sobrexcavación: We dig deeper or longer to get some machinery and get better performance if they are not authorized by the site management is not paid.
Sane of the platform that if you pay Sobrexcavación. You have to dig more to find a suitable spot to lean on the foundation.
Entivaciones: On ground slopes not stable enough, it is within the price of m 3 of excavation.
When you have to download the NF (bilge water) to go digging, raises the price, because you have to pump.
Measurements are made in m 3.
3.2.3. STUFFED
3.2.3.1. EMBANKMENTS
Unit of work that is, by tier and compaction of the materials that make up the embankment, in areas that are large enough allowing the use of high-performance machines.
Steps:
- Prepare the surface.
- Extension of a tier.
- Wetting and drying of the tier.
- Compaction.
Parts of the embankment:
- Coronation (0.5 m minimum above).
- Core.
- Espaldon.
- Foundations (minimum 1 m).
Depending on the embankment, soil types vary with use. The soil types are: (5)
- Selected.
- Appropriate.
- Tolerated.
- Marginal.
- Inadequate.
The measurement is in m 3 measured cross sections on planes, provided means that the seats of the embankment are <2%. if> 2%, you can pay the amount of the excess over the theoretical profile.
All you have to terracing for excess excavation allowed, is not paid.
3.2.3.2. Causeway
Like the land bank but are placed stoning for the base of the esplanade.
High-performance machines. Steps:
- Preparation of the surface.
- Excavation and transportation of materials.
- Extension and placement of Tonga. Gone are placing tiers until the desired elevation.
3.3 DRAINAGE
3.3.1 Ditches and canals
Carried out by a machine that performs the work in situ. Prefabricated parts.
The measurement of both are made by (ml)
3.3.2 Elements of an urban drainage network.
- Pumping stations (booths).
- Caskets i manholes, measured elements and units rings were measured by depth.
- Scuppers and drains prefabricated, measured per unit, or made in situ measured by the construction method.
- PVC pipes of different materials, concrete, etc … measured in ml. The filling and compaction are not listed.
3.3.3 underground drains.
Items covered with drainage material. Underground Drain Detail:
3.4 FIRM
3.4.1 Definition and parts
The firm is a set of layers and risks that consists of three parts Fundamental:
- Climb: one, two layers or may not exist depending on the superior foundation.
- Base: supports the pavement and its role is tough.
- Pavement layers that resist all efforts rolling traffic warrants.
3.4.2 granular layers.
They are the base and the base if any.
Granular Subases: natural or crushed aggregate, soil selected, etc. .. Depending on the study and a particle size determined. Its construction process is as follows: preparation of the esplanade, extension and subsequent tier compaction. The measurement is executed by and measured in m3 planes as type section.
Granular Bases: a mixture of crushed aggregates all or part of continuous grain size. The measurement and implementation will be done as the Hop.
3.4.3 Irrigation
Primer: implementation of a bituminous over a bituminous layer not previously made to the extension of a layer bituminous on this. The measurement is carried out in irrigation m2 plant.
Adhesion: application of a bituminous binder over a layer bituminous another extension before underlayment. The measurement is conduct as the primer.
3.4.4 Bituminous mixtures.
Mezcal aggregate with bituminous binders. The price is related according to the study of mixing, surface preparation support transport of this, its spread and compaction. The measurement is carried out in tons of mix.
Types of mixtures:
- Dense, semi-dense, thick, open.
Densities and amounts of bitumen to consider measurements of mixtures Bituminous
NOTE: In irrigation, the bitumen emulsion is included in the irrigation m 2.