Principles of Flight
Ethnic Group: members perceive themselves as different from others because of a common ancestry or shared culture Examples: Philippine Canadian – More Acadian flags in particular regions in Canada. Linked to ancestors and to specific cultural traditions. Linked to the past and elders. Implies minority status. Religion is a source of conflict. Example: France – Conceives itself as a singular ethnic identity. Example: Uganda is home to 50 or more tribes
Race: distinct group of a species that only develops with prolonged separation. Socially constructed and occurs when people delineate cultural subgroups. Based on phenotypic features.
Socialist states include Caribbean, Central America, South America, Asia, Middle East, Africa. INGOs (International Non Governmental Organizations) relied on narratives of Black criminality in order to enhance their post earthquake humanitarian world in Haiti
Gender Identity: personal experience of a gender that may or may not align with societal expectations. Self identification. Impermanence
Assigned Sex: biological category you were assigned at birth (male, female, intersex). Does not have to be linked to gender identity
Cisgender: Gender identity matches the sex that you were assigned with
Transgender: Gender nonconformity; You identify with a gender that does not match that which you were assigned at birth. Does NOT an indication of your sexual orientation
No map for patriarchy – religions are patriarchal and norms of obedience of virtue. Anxiety over lineage. Colonialism helped diffuse patriarchal ideals
Matriarchal societies – women yield more power. Matrilineal: family name, inheritances, property, are passed through female bloodlines. Matrilocal: female offspring live close to family matriarchs; male spouse relocates to matriarchal clan. Walking Marriage: women in the family do the caregiving (women are the power centre of the house). Develops because men are absent (may be in a violent conflicts society or structure of economy. Develops because it is supported by Orthodox Judaism. Believed by first nations in Canada. May decline because of Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. Can be challenging for small cultural groups. Currently being revived through indigenous women education
Sexual spaces – Armed Force and Army; policies (Don’t Ask Don’t Tell). 50% of the world are in rural places
Youth outward migration: leave for education, jobs, partnerships, family life, desires, healthy recreation
Rural Settlement Issues: ageing population, capital flight. Counterurbanization can occur where young people come back, decentralisation of industrial activity, can become more affordable
Businesses want to decentralise; go to places where workers can actually live because the costs for living in these cities are expensive.
City: legally incorporated self-governing unit. Inhabited place of greater size, population, or importance than a town or village. Has a government and city council. Municipal elections occur every 4 years. Centres of large, diverse, and densely concentrated populations. Centres of technological change and innovation. Centres of concentrations of power and economic activity. Associated with manufacturing and tourism. Most capitals are located in cities. Centres of cultural change (ex: education, social heterogeneity). Places which reflect social, economic and political diversity. Primate city: largest city in an urban system (AKA capital).
12,000 years: Agriculture, the Neolithic revolution. Permanent rural settlement. 5-7,000 years ago: first cities
Regions of first cities: Mesopotamia (Valleys and plains between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers). Covers Kuwait, Iraq, and Syria. Other early cities include MesoAmerica, Modern Day Egypt, Indus Valley, and parts of China
Emergence of Cities – Agricultural Surplus Theory (nomadic; hunter gatherer societies). People focused on migration patterns of animals. Domesticated plants and animals. Farmers have a sense of attachment Emerged as key trading centres (Silk Road). Silk Road connects Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Silk road: network of trading routes connecting Europe and the Middle East in the west and China and Southeast Asia in the east
Social stratification: Society with people that are rich and powerful, while there are others that are poor and powerless.
Urban area.
Spatial extent of the build up area surrounding and including an incorporated municipality. Demographic criteria – Exceeding some threshold of population and/or density. Economic criteria – The presence/absence of economic activities
Great Britain and Germany industrialised first. Newfoundland and Labrador are experiencing a declining urban population
Countries in Latin America are also highly urbanised (greater than 75%). Mexico = 79%. Saudi Arabia = 83%. Libya – 79%. Africa = 40%. Asia = 48%. Chad = 23%. Ethiopia = 19%. China, India, and the developing world. China, India… <60%. Canada, US… >80%
Upward-filtering (gentrification). Builds high value buildings, apartments, or renovations. Rising costs of housing. Rent eviction – cannot afford a new area. Paid through property tax, where the city charges property tax on residential owners. Results from the inmovement of higher income groups. Transformation of formerly derelict or low-quality housing areas into higher status neighbourhoods. Burgess’ zone of transition is targeted by investors, homebuyers, new landlords, and tenants. Regeneration of the urban. Homebuyers like the location of the city (Close to amenities)
Urban growth: An increase in the absolute size of an urban area/city or An increase in the number of people. Can measure the increase in the total area of the land. Urbanisation: An increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas (percentage of population). Represents a significant social and cultural change. Changes in Diet, fashion, traditions, family structure. Urbanism: Urban way of life. Declining sense of community. Economic organisation as a result of increasing population size, density, and heterogeneity. Outcome of urbanisation. Urban area: Concentration of people living at a high density and engaging in some forms of work and not others. Viewed in opposition to rural areas. Definitions can vary for each country. Hinterland: market land surrounding a central place.
Residential Segregation: Congregation – Residential clustering by choice. May want to preserve culture and lifestyle, mutual support, minimise conflicts (strict views associated with marriage), and establish a political power base. Involuntary segregation – racist classist housing. Institutional policies. Redlining (maps created by insurance companies). Associated with white flight
Restrictive Immigration Policies – Chinese people moved to North America and Australia as free migrants. New Zealand: Introduced restrictive immigration policy. Australia: “White Australian Policy”. United States: Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 until 1943. 1924 Act: intentionally discriminatory system and set quotas on the number of immigrants from specified groups. The 1924 act is associated with Nativism: intense favouring of the rights of native-born inhabiting over those who are foreign born (immigrants)
Ethnic group: group whose members perceive themselves as different from others because of a common ancestry and shared culture. Example – Swedes in the United States
Delhi is projected to rise to become the largest city in the world
Greece – acropolis (highest point in the city) and agora (centre of greek life)
Europe – mercantilism (school for economic thought) and entrepot (city as an intermediary for trades)
Urban Origins – Four urban hearth areas. Mesopotamia: Area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Northern Egypt: Adjacent to the Nile River (cities are Uruk and Ur). Indus River Valley: Pakistan. Huang River Valley: Yellow and China
Cities can be defensive or administrative centres. Cities were planned by using a grid pattern of streets with a central marketplace and places for political meetings and military preparedness. Cities may have arisen as ceremonial centres for religious activity. China’s largest city during European urban stagnation was Chang’an (AKA Xi’an). Heterogenous city. Has major cities connected via the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal was intended to stimulate urban and economic development of eastern China
Megacity is not a global city. Global cities are cultural centres and gateway cities. Gateway city: key point of entry to a major geographic region or country for goods or people. Associated with an international airport, container shipping port, or major rail centre. Has a supranational organisation (multinational groupings of independent states). Contain the headquarters of large corporations. Key centres of financial institutions. Serve as control centres for capital
Central business district (CBD): City’s social and cultural hub. Characterized by high-rise office and residential towers. Key municipal government buildings and civic amenities. Key area for many aspects of modern society. Urban revitalization: Drawn people back to the city centre to live in medium and high density residential unit. Informal settlement: concentration of temporary dwellings. Neither owned or rented. Related to rural-to-urban migration. Predominant in less developed countries. AKA squatter settlement or shanty town. At the city’s periphery. Develops outside of the urban planning and regulatory structure. Advantages over rural areas; women who find themselves freed from constraints of a patriarchal system
Slum: Heavily populated informal settlement. Exists in the urban core. Characterized by poverty. Substandard housing. Crime. Lack of sanitation, water, electricity, or other basic services. Common in less developed countries or cities. Heavily populated urban settlement. Characterised by substandard housing, crime, lack of sanitation, water, electricity, basic services. Located in the urban core. Ex: London Slums. Victorian area. Buildings were meant to last. Ex: Slums of New York. Can be removed because of sanitation reasons. Ghetto: Urban residential district with a concentration of a particular ethnic minority group. Shared low income status as well. Charter groups can become a concentrated ethnic group. Jewish ghettos in many European cities. Associated with white flight and redlining. White flight: white people and middle class people were given mortgages. Reputation of being abandonment, decay, disinvestment (government a big L), social chaos, crime, violence. Challenging the conventional narrative – Ex: Harlem, New York.
Urban area. Spatial extent of the build up area surrounding and including an incorporated municipality. Demographic criteria – Exceeding some threshold of population and/or density. Economic criteria – The presence/absence of economic activities
Great Britain and Germany industrialised first. Newfoundland and Labrador are experiencing a declining urban population
Countries in Latin America are also highly urbanised (greater than 75%). Mexico = 79%. Saudi Arabia = 83%. Libya – 79%. Africa = 40%. Asia = 48%. Chad = 23%. Ethiopia = 19%. China, India, and the developing world. China, India… <60%. Canada, US… >80%
Upward-filtering (gentrification). Builds high value buildings, apartments, or renovations. Rising costs of housing. Rent eviction – cannot afford a new area. Paid through property tax, where the city charges property tax on residential owners. Results from the inmovement of higher income groups. Transformation of formerly derelict or low-quality housing areas into higher status neighbourhoods. Burgess’ zone of transition is targeted by investors, homebuyers, new landlords, and tenants. Regeneration of the urban. Homebuyers like the location of the city (Close to amenities)
Urban growth: An increase in the absolute size of an urban area/city or An increase in the number of people. Can measure the increase in the total area of the land. Urbanisation: An increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas (percentage of population). Represents a significant social and cultural change. Changes in Diet, fashion, traditions, family structure. Urbanism: Urban way of life. Declining sense of community. Economic organisation as a result of increasing population size, density, and heterogeneity. Outcome of urbanisation. Urban area: Concentration of people living at a high density and engaging in some forms of work and not others. Viewed in opposition to rural areas. Definitions can vary for each country. Hinterland: market land surrounding a central place.
Residential Segregation: Congregation – Residential clustering by choice. May want to preserve culture and lifestyle, mutual support, minimise conflicts (strict views associated with marriage), and establish a political power base. Involuntary segregation – racist classist housing. Institutional policies. Redlining (maps created by insurance companies). Associated with white flight
Restrictive Immigration Policies – Chinese people moved to North America and Australia as free migrants. New Zealand: Introduced restrictive immigration policy. Australia: “White Australian Policy”. United States: Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 until 1943. 1924 Act: intentionally discriminatory system and set quotas on the number of immigrants from specified groups. The 1924 act is associated with Nativism: intense favouring of the rights of native-born inhabiting over those who are foreign born (immigrants)
Ethnic group: group whose members perceive themselves as different from others because of a common ancestry and shared culture. Example – Swedes in the United States
Delhi is projected to rise to become the largest city in the world
Greece – acropolis (highest point in the city) and agora (centre of greek life)
Europe – mercantilism (school for economic thought) and entrepot (city as an intermediary for trades)
Urban Origins – Four urban hearth areas. Mesopotamia: Area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Northern Egypt: Adjacent to the Nile River (cities are Uruk and Ur). Indus River Valley: Pakistan. Huang River Valley: Yellow and China
Cities can be defensive or administrative centres. Cities were planned by using a grid pattern of streets with a central marketplace and places for political meetings and military preparedness. Cities may have arisen as ceremonial centres for religious activity. China’s largest city during European urban stagnation was Chang’an (AKA Xi’an). Heterogenous city. Has major cities connected via the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal was intended to stimulate urban and economic development of eastern China
Megacity is not a global city. Global cities are cultural centres and gateway cities. Gateway city: key point of entry to a major geographic region or country for goods or people. Associated with an international airport, container shipping port, or major rail centre. Has a supranational organisation (multinational groupings of independent states). Contain the headquarters of large corporations. Key centres of financial institutions. Serve as control centres for capital
Central business district (CBD): City’s social and cultural hub. Characterized by high-rise office and residential towers. Key municipal government buildings and civic amenities. Key area for many aspects of modern society. Urban revitalization: Drawn people back to the city centre to live in medium and high density residential unit. Informal settlement: concentration of temporary dwellings. Neither owned or rented. Related to rural-to-urban migration. Predominant in less developed countries. AKA squatter settlement or shanty town. At the city’s periphery. Develops outside of the urban planning and regulatory structure. Advantages over rural areas; women who find themselves freed from constraints of a patriarchal system
Slum: Heavily populated informal settlement. Exists in the urban core. Characterized by poverty. Substandard housing. Crime. Lack of sanitation, water, electricity, or other basic services. Common in less developed countries or cities. Heavily populated urban settlement. Characterised by substandard housing, crime, lack of sanitation, water, electricity, basic services. Located in the urban core. Ex: London Slums. Victorian area. Buildings were meant to last. Ex: Slums of New York. Can be removed because of sanitation reasons. Ghetto: Urban residential district with a concentration of a particular ethnic minority group. Shared low income status as well. Charter groups can become a concentrated ethnic group. Jewish ghettos in many European cities. Associated with white flight and redlining. White flight: white people and middle class people were given mortgages. Reputation of being abandonment, decay, disinvestment (government a big L), social chaos, crime, violence. Challenging the conventional narrative – Ex: Harlem, New York.