Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain (1923-1930)
Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Background
With Spain facing numerous problems, including the aftermath of the Rif War in Morocco and political instability, calls for change and regeneration arose. Joaquín Costa, a prominent intellectual, advocated for a “surgeon with an iron hand” to address political corruption. Primo de Rivera saw himself as that figure.
The Coup and the Military Directory (1923-1925)
In September 1923, Primo de Rivera launched a coup d’état, citing the need to end political corruption (the “caciquismo” system), address the threat of Catalan nationalism, and resolve the ongoing conflict in Morocco. King Alfonso XIII accepted the coup and appointed Primo de Rivera as Prime Minister.
The Military Directory, the initial phase of the dictatorship, saw the suspension of constitutional guarantees, the dissolution of parliament, and the imposition of press censorship. Political parties were banned, and a single party, the Patriotic Union, was established. Primo de Rivera aimed to strengthen central power and maintain public order.
The Civil Directory (1925-1930)
Following a successful military campaign in Morocco, Primo de Rivera transitioned to a Civil Directory, replacing military officials with civilians in many government positions. However, the constitution remained suspended, and freedoms were restricted.
To provide a semblance of legitimacy, a National Consultative Assembly was formed, but with limited powers. A new constitution was drafted in 1929, but it was highly conservative and did not garner widespread support.
Economic and Social Policies
Primo de Rivera’s regime coincided with the economic boom of the “Roaring Twenties.” Extensive infrastructure projects, including the construction of reservoirs and roads, created jobs and helped quell social unrest. Vertical unions, incorporating both workers and employers, were established to control labor relations. The UGT, a major trade union, collaborated with the regime.
Characteristics of the Regime
Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship exhibited some characteristics of fascism, such as the single party and the emphasis on the leader. However, historians debate whether it can be classified as fully fascist. Some describe it as an “institutional dictatorship,” characterized by personalized rule and a lack of adherence to fixed rules.
Opposition and Decline
Opposition to the dictatorship grew over time. Military officers, initially supportive, became disillusioned. Nationalists, who had initially welcomed Primo de Rivera, turned against him due to his suppression of Catalan culture. Republicans, intellectuals, and students also voiced their dissent.
The global economic crisis of 1929 further weakened the regime. With support dwindling, King Alfonso XIII dismissed Primo de Rivera in 1930. Subsequent attempts to restore constitutional order failed, and in 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed.