Plant and Animal Biology: Key Concepts and Evolution
Key Concepts in Plant Biology
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are different from all other plants because only they have flowers.
In plants and algae, a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular individual without fusing with another cell is called a spore.
The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into seeds.
Gametophyte is to sporophyte and production of reproductive cells called gametes as haploid is to diploid and reproductive cells called spores.
Plants and fungi have a beneficial partnership called mycorrhiza.
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis.
Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms.
Fungi is an example of an organism that carries out extracellular digestion. Food is absorbed after digesting it outside their bodies.
Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution because they absorb mineral compounds, both nutrients and pollutants, from the air.
Which organisms are a serious problem as agricultural pests, particularly smuts and rusts common in grain crops? Fungi
Plant diversity is a renewable resource… is it true? False
The Structure and Function of a Fruit
The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal. What is a fruit?
It is a ripened ovary of a flower. To disperse seeds.
Has interactions with animals influenced angiosperm evolution? Yes
Fungi are among the most adaptable of all living organisms.
Gametophyte is to haploid as sporophyte is to diploid.
Flower Structure and Function
MATCHING: For questions 21-24, match the flower structure to the definition:
The four main organs of a flower are:
- Sepals, usually green, enclose the flower before it opens.
- Petals, the most striking part of the flower, are used to attract insects and other pollinators.
- Stamens consist of filaments bearing a sac, the anther, the male part in which pollen grains develop.
- Carpels consist of a style with an ovary at the base and a sticky tip known as the stigma that traps pollen.
Plant Life Cycle and Evolution
Plants have an alternation of generation. Diploid (2n) individuals called sporophytes and haploid (n) individuals called gametophytes generate each other in the life cycle? Yes
What is Pollination?
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Highlights of Plant Evolution
Which is the correct highlight of plant evolution? Charophyceans, bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, horsetails
Animal Diversity and Evolution
Arthropods
The phylum Arthropoda is named for its members’ jointed appendages.
Mammals
The two hallmarks of mammals are hair and mammary glands.
Parasites
Flukes are all endoparasites of various vertebrates.
In the life cycle of a tapeworm, a human is the primary host, and a pig is the secondary host.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are marine arthropods that include barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, and crabs. Their terrestrial one includes the sowbug or pillbug.
Entomology
The study of insects as a group is a major specialty in biology called entomology.
Animal Symmetry
Indicate the type of symmetry exhibited by the animal.
(Question left incomplete in the original text)
Listed (lobster, jellyfish, sponge, planarian, and octopus)
(Question left incomplete in the original text)
Mollusks
Which structures secrete a mollusk shell? Mantle
Sponges
A sponge’s structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by amoebocytes.
Cribrostatin is synthesized by some sponges and acts as an antibiotic.
In terms of food capture, the choanocyte, a sponge cell, is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian.
Sponges are accurately described as aquatic filter feeders.
Cnidarians
Corals are most closely related to sea anemones.
Cnidarians and flatworms share a digestive system with a single opening.
Annelids
The circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work against a hydrostatic skeleton.
The excretory organs of annelids are called metanephridia.
Reducing the freshwater snail population would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population.
A terrestrial mollusk without a shell belongs to the gastropods clade.
Nematodes
Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by eating undercooked pork.
Nematode worms and annelids share the use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.
Infection with Trichinella worms might cause excessive elasticity in human skeletal muscles.
Arthropods
Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have wings.
The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of crustaceans.
Echinoderms
Adult echinoderms are characterized by bilateral symmetry.
In echinoderms, tube feet provide motility in most species.
Phylum Echinodermata contains animal groups that are entirely aquatic.
Sea slugs can obtain nematocysts by preying on sea anemones.
A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share a mantle.
Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by animals that have a segmented body.
Chordate Evolution
Lancelets
Lancelets are extant chordates postulated to be the most like the earliest chordates in appearance.
Craniates
All craniates have a partial or complete skull that earlier chordates did not have.
Vertebrates
The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with feeding.
Lungfish are groups of members that have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives.
The swim bladders of ray-finned fishes provide for the regulation of buoyancy.
Feet with digits were a trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods.
Mesozoic Era
The Mesozoic is the era known as the AGE OF REPTILES.
The shelled, amniotic characteristics added most to vertebrates’ success in relatively dry environments.
Most dinosaurs and pterosaurs became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous era.
Keratinized skin is the characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals.
Birds
The only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs are the birds.
During chordate evolution, paired fins, jaws, swim bladders, amniotic eggs, and four-chambered hearts arose in that order from the earliest to most recent.
Female birds lay their eggs to facilitate flight by reducing weight. Female bats limit litters to a single embryo to achieve a similar goal as in female birds.
Reptiles and Mammals
Fertilization is exclusively internal in both reptiles and mammals.
Primate Evolution
Apes
Among the primates, orangutans are considered apes.
Homo Species
Homo ergaster was the first species to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism.
Australopithecus garhi was apparently the first species to craft stone tools.
Homo erectus was the first species to have some members migrate out of Africa.
Homo sapiens is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places) with H. neanderthalensis.
Homo sapiens and H. erectus had members who moved out of Africa.
The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about 195,000 years ago.
Population Ecology
Population ecologists are primarily interested in understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.
A population is correctly defined as inhabiting the same general area and belonging to the same species.
An ecologist who recorded 12 white-tailed deer per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot was comparing deer density in the two woodlots.
Density, dispersion, and demographics of a population are the most useful sets of measurements when studying populations.
A cohort is a group of individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead.
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year.
In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008?