Peritoneal deposits

RESPIRATORY

COPD- The airways and alveoli in lungs lose ability to stretch and shrink back. Walls between alveoli destroyed. Walls become inflamed and make excess mucus, clogging them and blocking air flow. Phlegm or dry Cough, frequent respiratory infections, short of breath, fatigue, chest pressure
Asthma- Airways inflamed, produce more mucus. Easier to inhale than to exhale. Cough at night, exercise, can be chronic, dry or with phlegm, difficulty breathing,, breathing through mouth, frequent respiratory infections, fast breathing, night shortness of breath. Emphysema- increases pressure in arteries. Causes cor pulmonale, which a section of the heart expands and weakens. Large holes in the lungs (bullae). Frequent coughing or wheezing. Mucus cough, Shortness of breath, whistling sound when breathing, tight chest. Pneumonia- Inflammation of alveoli filling them with fluid and causing cough and difficulty breathing. Dry or phlegm cough, difficulty breathing, breathlessness when resting, rapid heartbeat, fever, Sweating, shivering, loss of appetite. Sleep Apnea- breathing stops and starts, Risk factors age and obesity. More common in men. Snoring loudly, feeling tired after a full night’s sleep,  Cystic Fibrosis- affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices.  causes fluids to become sticky, plug up tubes, ducts. Cough, repeated lung infections, inability to gain weight, and fatty stools. Acute mountain sickness (AMS)- condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen Bronchitis- viral respiratory infection, airway congestion LAWS AND EFFECTS Henry’s Law- says that because a liquid is in contact with a gas, that gas will dissolve into the liquid. The higher the pressure of the gas, then more gas will dissolve Bohr effect- causes the muscles and tissues to release more oxygen when CO2 levels rise.  Dalton’s law-  total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Boyles law- when a gas is pumped into an enclosed space, it will shrink to fit into that space, but the pressure that gas puts on the container will increase
Haldane effect- combination of O2 with hemoglobin in the lungs causes the hemoglobin to become a stronger acid. XTRA VOCAB Hyperpnea- increased rate and depth of ventilation due to an increase in oxygen demand that does not significantly alter blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels Hyperventilation- increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH

central chemoreceptor- one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain peripheral chemoreceptors-one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels Carbaminohemoglobin- bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide Carbonic anhydrase (CA)- enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid type 1 alveolar cells- squamous epithelial cells that are major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases type II alveolar cell- cuboidal epithelial cells that are minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant Eupnea- mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual 70mmHg of surface area on alveoli for gas exchange. RESPIRAOTRY SYSTEM The respiratory system includes the lungs, the diaphragm, the mouth, and other organs, true or false?
/ true, The alveoli provide around 70 sq m of surface area for gas exchange, true or false?/ true, The primary purpose of the larynx is speech production, true or false?/ false

The trachea is supported by rings of hyaline cartilage, true or false?/ true, Bronchioles contain cilia but not goblet cells, true or false?/ true, Hyperventilation increases the acidity of blood, true or false?/ false, The pleural cavity is a potential space, meaning there is normally room in the cavity to fill, true or false?/ true, Exercise decreases the amount of dead air in the respiratory system, true or false?/ false, Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by airway congestion, true or false?/ true, Pneumonia is an upper respiratory virus that is caused by a virus, true or false?/true, The respiratory system Provides the sense of smell, Involved in the synthesis of angiotensin II, which helps regulate blood pressure, Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2 between blood and air, Removal of waste gas, Correct order of path of air in respiratory system… mouth-> pharynx-> trachea-> carina-> bronchi->bronchioles, Characteristics of olfactory epithelium… Pseudostratified,  Includes olfactory neurons, Nucleated, Columnar, The nose… Filters air breathed in, Primary organ of smell, Temperature sensing, Functions in speech, Alveolar macrophages wanders respiratory connective tissue to phagocytize debris, When the diaphragm contracts, it… flattens and air moves into the lungs, Ventral respiratory group center is important in producing deep breaths, such as during exercise, Respiratory failure refers to inadequate ventilation. Blood pH and blood CO2 levels change in respiratory failure by pH increases, CO2 levels increase, Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to O2 and CO2 content. Located in the aortic body, Respiratory arrest would most likely be caused by a tumor in the Medulla oblongata, Rectus abdominis used in deep inspiration,  Cheyne–Stokes respirations characterizes increased intracranial pressure, During the aging of the respiratory system, costal cartilage becomes less flexible and elastic tissue decreases, An increase in CO2 could potentially cause the right shift of the a dissociation curve, Atelectasis associated with gun shots DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The liver Amino acid metabolism,. Synthesis of protein, Storing iron, Production of lecithin, Mucosa exhibits an abundance of lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules. Myenteric plexus of the enteric system controls peristalsis. The GI tract is exposed to the external environment and thus is populated with many potential pathogens. Peyer’s patches function in immune surveillance and production of immune response in the intestinal lumen? Stomach absorbs Water, Aspirin, Ethanol, Caffeine The digestive system can be categorized in three segments, the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. These segments defined by arterial blood supply If puncturing through abdominal cavity, the order would be Parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, Omentum, visceral peritoneum Solutes in saliva include mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals., Damage to CN 9 causes difficulty swallowing, Increased gastric pH and an impaired ability to digest food Belongs to parietal cell, Chylomicron retention disorder causes vitamin E deficiency, Vagus nerve links higher brain function and gastric secretion?, Gastric pits have enteroendocrine cells, Mucosa has columnar absorptive cells, Muscularized propria has Auerbach’s plexus, Around 60% of the world suffers from lactose malabsorption. Symptoms are caused by insufficient amounts of lactase in duodenum, Barrett’s esophagus, a condition in which there is an abnormal change in the mucosal cells lining the esophagus, can often be a precursor to cancer. The change in epithelial cell type is  Stratified squamous -> simple columnar, Risk factors of GI cancer include HIV/AIDS, GERD, gallstones and alcoholism, A Klatskin tumor is Cholangiocarcinoma A tumor in the bile duct, Best way to distinguish duodenum, jejunum and ileum is the  Presence of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, Pneumotaxic center – primarily to limit inspiration, Apneustic center-  sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths Hepatitis- inflammation of liver

Appendicitis- inflamed appendix filled with pus

Three phases of Gastric juice production- cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases,……..Ingestion>Propulsion>Mechanical/Physical digestion>Chemical Digestion>Absorption>Defecation

Order of peritoneums through abdominal cavity-parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, omentum, visceral peritoneum

Mesocolon- extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

Mesentery- fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.