PC Hardware Components and Functionality
Understanding PC Hardware
Know what the BIOS does. The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a ROM chip on the motherboard. It contains the software that tells the processor how to interact with the computer’s hardware. The BIOS chip instructs the motherboard on how to start up, check its components, and pass control to the operating system.
Memory Types
- DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory.
- SRAM: Static Random Access Memory.
- ROM: Read-Only Memory, typically used to store the computer’s BIOS.
- CMOS: A special type of memory that holds BIOS configuration settings.
CPU Package Types
- Pin Grid Array (PGA): A square or rectangular ceramic chip with pins on the bottom.
- Single Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC): A plastic cartridge that fits into a motherboard slot.
Connector Types
- RJ-45 Connectors: Used to attach a network cable to a wall jack.
- PS2/Mini-DIN Connectors: Used to connect a keyboard or mouse to the back of a PC.
- RJ-11 Connectors: Used to connect a modem to a telephone jack.
Data Transmission
- Parallel: Cables carry data eight bits at a time.
- Serial: Cables carry data one bit at a time.
Expansion Buses
- PCI, ISA, and AGP: Understand their bus widths, speeds, and suitability for different devices.
RAM Compatibility Factors
Factors influencing memory compatibility include physical size, capacity, technology, speed, and compatibility with existing RAM.
Power Supply Calculations
Calculate power supply wattage requirements by considering the voltage and amperage draws of connected devices.
Processor and Memory Details
Understand the processor’s job. The processor is the central processing unit (CPU) of the PC, essential for most computer actions.
Pentium Chip Classes
Understand the differences between various Intel Pentium chip classes, including their packaging, speeds, voltages, and caches.
Know what a VRM is. A Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) on a motherboard adjusts voltage for the CPU, supporting a wider range of processors.
RAM Type Differences
Differentiate between various RAM acronyms like SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and EDO DRAM.
RAM Packaging
Distinguish between SIMMs and DIMMs, noting their pin counts and bit widths.
Know the purpose of parity in RAM. Understand how a parity bit is used for error correction.
Motherboard Form Factors
Understand the differences between AT, ATX, and NLX motherboard form factors.
Expansion Board Buses
Distinguish between ISA, PCI, and AGP, knowing their bus widths, maximum speeds, and use for expansion boards.
Motherboard I/O Ports
Distinguish between various I/O ports, such as USB, IEEE 1394, legacy parallel, and legacy serial ports.
CPU Slot/Socket Sizes
Know the sizes and shapes of CPU slots/sockets and specify the type required for different CPUs.
CMOS Setup Utility
Know what the CMOS Setup utility does. This utility allows configuration of certain PC characteristics.
Be familiar with common menu items. Knowing common menu items and their functions aids troubleshooting.
Printer Port Settings
Understand different printer port settings to resolve communication errors by systematically trying various configurations.