Modes of Transportation and Logistics
What is the Characteristic of Air Travel?
Air transport can be conducted on a regular basis, through available aircraft, or by charter aircraft arranged by shippers.
This mode of transport has a very special feature compared to others, which is that it is conducted by air while having the entire framework of its operation on land. It’s fast and suitable for goods that cannot be delayed by other modes and are in need of a preferred transit time, such as: samples, high-value items, fragile goods, those needing special care, those with short validity periods and courier charges or express delivery, and loads that are transported in small boxes and are lightweight.
What is IATA?
IATA (International Air Transport Association) is an organization operating worldwide. It accredits airlines to perform international transport and is affiliated with over 240 members, representing 94% of this traffic.
Although mandatory for international transport, the percentage of IATA’s total global membership shows that not all airlines join. For national transport, airlines need not be affiliated with IATA. To join the association, an airline is required to have an operator’s certificate granted by the authority of its country.
What are the Types of Aircraft on the Market?
- Passenger aircraft (full pax);
- Cargo aircraft (full cargo);
- Mixed aircraft, called combination aircraft.
How is Cargo Carried in the Air?
Cargo is transported as a group, called a unit load. This is conducted with pallets and containers, called appliances, and is a specialized form of transportation.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Transport?
(Note: The original document does not provide an answer to this question. It jumps to a question about road quality.)
What is the Quality of Road Transport?
Road transport is one of the most simple and efficient modes of transport. It requires only a road to operate. However, this mode has high fuel consumption.
Because of its high flexibility, this mode is suitable for urban distribution, where transfers are over small distances, in addition to the inevitable connections with other modes.
Explain Each Type of Existing Truck.
Platform Truck: Transports containers and loads of great volume or unit weight.
Truck Trunk: Its body has a structure similar to containers, which protects the entire cargo from the weather.
Tipper or Dump Truck: Transports bulk cargo that is discharged by gravity, by tilting the bucket.
Open Truck: Transports non-perishable freight and small packages. In case of rain, cargo is covered with tarpaulins.
Refrigerated Truck: Transports perishable goods. Similar to the box truck, it has its own mechanisms for cooling and maintaining the temperature in the cargo bay.
Tanker Truck: Its body is a reservoir tank for the carriage of oil and other liquids in bulk.
Grain Truck or Silo Truck: Has a body suitable for the transport of bulk solids. It is discharged by gravity, through doors that open.
Special Truck: Can be lowered and reinforced to carry heavy loads (heavy-lift truck), has cranes on the body (munk), storks, and is designed for transporting cars, etc.
Semi-trailers: Truck bodies, of different types and sizes, not self-propelled, for coupling to a truck or horse-mechanical treatment, forming clusters known as articulated trucks. This type of equipment is very versatile since it can be disengaged and left in a cargo terminal, releasing the mechanical horse to pursue other transport services.
Treminhões: Vehicles similar to carts, horse-trained mechanics, semi-trailers, and trailers, composed of three parts. They cannot travel on any road due to their total gross weight (about 70 tons).
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Road Transport?
Advantages:
- Increased availability of access roads.
- Enables door-to-door service, integrating areas of difficult access.
- Faster departure information, favoring fast deliveries within walking distance.
- Favors the shipment of small lots.
- Ease of replacing the vehicle in case of breakdown or accident.
- Faster delivery.
Disadvantages:
- Higher operating costs and lower capacity.
- Causes congestion on the roads.
- Prematurely wears the infrastructure of the highway.
What is a Feature of Rail Transport?
Despite the high fixed cost of deployment, rail transport has cheaper operating costs and high energy efficiency when fully electrified. However, it presupposes the existence of tracks, which is not always possible to install where we want to reach. Due to its operational characteristics, it only provides benefits when there are large quantities of cargo to be transported over long distances.
Explain Each Type of Rail Equipment.
Platform Wagons: Transport vehicles, containers, machinery, steel, and other heavy loads.
Boxcars with Side Discharge: Transport products, bagged grain, and aggregates (pellets).
Open and Closed Hopper Wagons: Transport bulk solids.
Hopper Tank Wagons: Transport fertilizer.
Tank Wagons: Transport liquid bulk.
Hopper Wagons: Transport dry bulk, with better geometry.
Open Gondola Wagons: Transport general cargo and bulk solids likely to be exposed to the elements.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Rail Transport?
Advantages:
- Ability to transport large consignments of goods.
- Private terminals along the production units.
- Low shipping costs, depending on the volume transported.
- Low energy consumption.
- Road-rail or Road-Rail-Road (Railler) adaptation.
- Provides inventory in transit.
Disadvantages:
- Time-consuming travel.
- High cost when there is a need for rolling stock.
- Depends on the availability of rolling stock.
- High exposure to theft.
Explain Shipper, Consignee, and Notifying Party.
Shipper: A person or entity that enters into the contract of carriage with the carrier, not necessarily the owner of the goods.
Consignee: A person or entity lawfully authorized to receive the goods at the contractually agreed place for their delivery.
Notifier: (Note: The original document does not provide a definition for”Notifier” This information needs to be added.)
What is the Purpose of the Contract of Carriage and the Bill of Lading?
Contract of Carriage: A document that expresses the relationship between the carrier and the user. Together with the insurance policy and contract of sale, all interrelated, it regulates the rights and obligations between the parties involved, defining who is the owner of the goods, who is the carrier, the mode and amount of freight, the places of origin and delivery of merchandise, and the mutual and respective responsibilities.
Bill of Lading: It is proof of the existence of the contract of carriage, which discriminates and disciplines clauses governing this transport. It also serves as proof of delivery of goods, and in its original form, is a marketable title, having the force of a public deed (Brazilian Commercial Code, art. 587).
What is the Difference Between Unimodal and Subsequent Transport Modes?
Unimodal: When the unit load is transported directly, using a single vehicle in a single mode of transport and with only one contract of carriage. It is the simplest form of transport.
Subsequent: When, to reach its final destination, the cargo unit needs to be carried by one or more vehicles in the same mode of transport, covered by more than one contract of carriage.
Explain What Multimodal Transport Is.
Multimodal: When the unit load is carried across a route using two or more modes of transport, covered by a single contract of carriage and a single insurance policy.
When There is a Product to be Exported, What Should be Considered When Selecting a Mode of Transport?
The main decision variables for the selection of the modes are:
- Nature and characteristics of the goods;
- Lot size;
- Modal constraints;
- Availability and frequency of transport;
- Transit time;
- Value of the goods;
- Loss and/or damage (loss ratio);
- Level of service provided.
Is There Any Difference Between the Term Goods and Cargo? Explain.
Yes.
Goods: Any product that is the subject of trade. The term defines the goods as the property of their owner.
Cargo: Any goods delivered to a third party:
- For transporting, paying freight (compensation for transporting goods from one point to another).
- To be stored, paying a fare.
Point Out What are the Risks Incurred by Loose Cargo.
(Note: The original document does not provide an answer to this question. This information needs to be added.)
What is General Average? Give Two Examples.
General Average or Ordinary Average: Any damage or extraordinary expense caused to the ship and/or load, by a deliberate act in the face of real and imminent danger, for the benefit of life, the vessel, or the cargo. When a general average is declared, the costs will be shared proportionately by all stakeholders involved in or benefiting from the act. Its requirements are:
- Being a deliberate act;
- Communion of benefits.
(Note: The original document requests two examples, but none are provided. Examples should be added.)
What is a Simple Breakdown? Give Two Examples.
Simple Breakdown or Private Loss: Any material damage or expense caused involuntarily and extraordinarily to the cargo or ship. Its requirements are:
- Existence of damage that compromises the safety of the ship or the cargo itself;
- The unwillingness of stakeholders.
(Note: The original document requests two examples, but none are provided. Examples should be added.)
Explain What Dangerous Cargo Is and What Precautions We Should Take During Transportation.
(Note: The original document does not provide an answer to this question. This information needs to be added.)