Microbiology and Immunology Concepts: Chapters 14-17 Review
Infectious Disease Principles and Pathogenesis
1. Symbiotic Relationship Example
A symbiotic relationship example is Escherichia coli within the large intestine.
2. Mismatched Disease and Associated Factor
The disease and associated factor that do not match are: Emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1); use of antibiotics.
3. Correct Statement on Infectious Disease Development
A correct statement about the development of infectious disease is: The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers.
4. Origin of Focal Infections
Focal infections begin with local infections.
5. Symptoms vs. Signs
Symptoms differ from signs in that symptoms are felt by the patient.
6. Example of Indirect Contact Transmission
An example of indirect contact transmission is: A student sneezes on a test booklet, the instructor grades it and catches her cold.
7. Impact of Antibacterial Agents on Normal Microbiota
Frequent use of antibacterial agents might remove normal microbiota, which can cause increased susceptibility to disease.
8. Incorrect Definition: Secondary Infection
The statement that is incorrect is: Secondary infection: a long-lasting infection.
9. Epidemiology Study Type: Prospective Study
A researcher who has performed a prospective study on a disease is engaged in descriptive epidemiology.
10. Classified as a Latent Disease
Shingles is classified as a latent disease.
11. Protozoan Zoonosis Transmitted by Direct Contact
Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan zoonosis transmitted through direct contact.
12. Definition of Pathology
Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.
13. Commensal Bacterium Characteristics
A commensal bacterium may also be an opportunistic pathogen.
14. CDC Headquarters Location
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia.
15. Factors Contributing to Pathogenicity (Exception)
The factor listed as an exception to contributing to pathogenicity is: Toxins.
16. Most Frequent Pathogen Entry Portal
The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
17. Pathogen Capable of Antigenic Variation
A pathogen capable of antigenic variation can avoid host defenses.
18. Methods of Avoiding Host Antibodies (Exclusion)
All the following are methods of avoiding host antibodies except: membrane-disrupting toxins.
19. Exotoxins: Incorrect Statement
It is not true about exotoxins that they are resistant to heat.
20. Endotoxins: True Statement
A true statement about endotoxins is: One consequence of endotoxins is the activation of blood clotting proteins.
21. Definition of Antigenic Variation
The ability to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by host antibodies is antigenic variation.
22. Fungal Toxins in Grains
Ergot and aflatoxin are found in grains with fungi. (True)
23. Enzyme for Pathogen Spread
Fibrinolysin is an enzyme that helps spread by digesting blood clots.
24. Bacterial Adherence: True Statement
A true statement about adherence is: Most bacterial adhesins are glycoproteins or lipoproteins.
25. Bacterial Attachment to Host Cells (Exclusion)
All are used by bacteria to attach to host cells except: A-B toxins.
26. Purpose of LAL Assay
The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is used to ensure that sterilized products are free of endotoxin.
27. Siderophores and Host Competition
Siderophores compete with host iron-transport proteins.
28. Antibiotics and Septic Shock
Antibiotics can lead to septic shock in cases of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
29. Lysogenic Conversion: True Statement
A true statement about lysogenic conversion is: Exotoxin production by bacteria is frequently a result of lysogenic infection.
30. Cytopathic Effect: Cytocidal Mechanism
A cytocidal cytopathic effect involves the release of enzymes from lysosomes.
31. Example of Direct Damage
An example of direct damage is the invasion and lysis of intestinal cells by E. coli.
32. Parenteral Route Infection Example
An example of infection via the parenteral route is an individual contracting Hepatitis B from an accidental stick with a needle.
Immunity and Host Defense Mechanisms
1. Innate Immunity Characteristics
Innate immunity is nonspecific and present at birth.
2. Beta Interferons Function
Beta interferons act as signals that induce uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins.
3. Eosinophils and Parasitic Worms
Eosinophils are found in higher numbers during parasitic worm infections.
4. TLRs and AMPs
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) do not attach to Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs).
5. Effect of Opsonization
The effect of opsonization is increased adherence of phagocytes.
6. Cells with Highest Phagocytic Activity
Macrophages exhibit the highest phagocytic activity.
7. Lectin Pathway Initiation
The lectin pathway is initiated by mannose on the surface of pathogens.
8. Mismatched Defense Mechanism
The mismatched defense mechanism is: mucociliary – intestines.
9. Normal Microbiota: Incorrect Function
Normal microbiota do not serve as prebiotics.
10. Mismatched Term: Chemotaxis
The mismatched term is: chemotaxis – chemical degradation inside a cell.
11. Definition of Antimicrobial Peptides
Short chains of amino acids that are stable and can have a variety of antimicrobial activities are called antimicrobial peptides.
12. Skin and Mucous Protection (Exclusion)
All protect skin and mucous membranes from infection except: HCl (Hydrochloric Acid).
13. Complement Pathway Activation Point
The classical pathway and lectin pathway lead to the activation of C3.
14. Blood Vessel Permeability (Exclusion)
All increase blood vessel permeability except: lysosomes.
15. Antibodies in Secretions
IgA antibodies are found in mucus, saliva, and tears.
16. Mismatched Cytokine Function
It is mismatched to state that Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) stimulates tumor growth.
17. Cellular Immunity: Non-Characteristic Feature
It is not characteristic of cellular immunity that B cells make antibodies.
18. Immunological Memory Mechanism
Immunological memory responses are due to the production of long-lived memory cells that respond rapidly.
19. Antibody Response: Third Step
The third step in the antibody response involves T helper (Th) cells recognizing antigen presented with MHC class II molecules.
20. Cellular Immunity: Third Step
The third step in cellular immunity is the proliferation of T helper (Th) cells.
21. CD4+ T Cell Activation
CD4+ T cells are activated through interactions between CD4+ receptors and MHC class II molecules.
22. Immunity from Recovery
Immunity acquired from recovery from an infection is naturally acquired active immunity.
23. Fc Region Binding
The Fc region of antibodies can be bound by macrophages.
24. Early Antibody Response
IgM is the immunoglobulin produced after the first exposure to an antigen, often called the early antibody.
25. Newborn Immunity Type
Newborns’ immunity is primarily due to naturally acquired passive immunity.
26. T Cell Activating Macrophages
T helper 1 (Th1) cells are involved in activating macrophages.
27. Definition of Epitopes
Epitopes are specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies.
28. Cytokines Contributing to Autoimmune Diseases
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a cytokine that can contribute to autoimmune diseases.
29. Immunity from Vaccination
Immunity acquired from vaccination is artificially acquired active immunity.
30. B Cells: Non-Characteristic Feature
It is not characteristic of B cells to recognize antigens associated with MHC class I molecules.
31. Antibody Action: Toxin Binding
When an antibody binds to a toxin to inhibit its action, this process is called neutralization.
32. Immunoglobulin Crossing Placenta
IgG is the immunoglobulin found in blood, lymph, and the intestine, and it can cross the placenta to protect the fetus.
33. Cytokines: Incorrect Statement
It is incorrect to state that there are only 10 types of cytokines.
34. Non-Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
Natural Killer (NK) cells are not Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs).
35. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): True Statement
A true statement concerning Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) is: They are involved in activating T cells.