Mastering English Tenses and Vocabulary: A Comprehensive Resource
Reported Speech in English
| Tense | Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | “I like ice cream” | She said (that) she liked ice cream. |
| Present Continuous | “I am living in London” | She said (that) she was living in London. |
| Past Simple | “I bought a car” | She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car. |
| Past Continuous | “I was walking along the street” | She said (that) she had been walking along the street. |
| Present Perfect | “I haven’t seen Julie” | She said (that) she hadn’t seen Julie. |
| Past Perfect* | “I had taken English lessons before” | She said (that) she had taken English lessons before. |
| Will | “I’ll see you later” | She said (that) she would see me later. |
| Would* | “I would help, but..” | She said (that) she would help but… |
| Can | “I can speak perfect English” | She said (that) she could speak perfect English. |
| Could* | “I could swim when I was four” | She said (that) she could swim when she was four. |
| Shall | “I shall come later” | She said (that) she would come later. |
| Should* | “I should call my mother” | She said (that) she should call her mother |
| Might* | “I might be late” | She said (that) she might be late |
| Must | “I must study at the weekend” | She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend |
English Tenses Summary
- Past Perfect: Had/ hadn’t. Starts and finishes in the past.
- Present Perfect: Have/has haven’t/hasn’t. Starts in the past and continues.
- Past Perfect Continuous: Had/hadn’t been + ing. Starts and finishes suddenly in the past.
- Present Simple: Play/plays don’t/doesn’t.
- Used to: Accustomed to.
- Would to: If something had happened, that would have caused or allowed something else.
- Will: (I will draw) – Will/won’t + V inf.
- Be going to: Am/is/are/ am not/aren’t/isn’t going to buy.
- Future Continuous: Will be + V + ing. Actions that will be happening during a period in the future.
- Past Simple: Ate/didn’t eat/did.
Common English Adverbs
Here – Here, There – There, Ahead – Ahead, Up – Up, Down – Down, Recently – Recently, Still – Still, Never – Never, Now – Now, Currently – Currently
Pronouns
I – Me, You – Your, He – Him, She – Her, It – Its, We – Our, You – Your, They – Their
Modal Verbs
- Ability: Can, Could, Be able to
- Permission Request: Can, Could, May, Will
- Advice: Should, Ought to
- Possibility Deduction: May, Might, Must, Can’t
- Obligation: Must, Have to
- Lack of Obligation: Don’t have to, Needn’t
- Prohibition: Mustn’t, Can’t
- Certainty: Must / Can’t
- Possibility: Could / Might / May
- Probability: Must / Could / Might / May
Can – Can, Could – Could, Be able to – Be able to, May – Should, Should – Should, Ought to – Should, Must – Must, Have to – Have to, Might – Might
Parts of the Body
Belly button: Navel, Fingernail: Fingernail, Blood vessel: Blood vessel, Forehead: Forehead, Brain cell: Neuron, Hairline: Hairline, Calf: Calf, Heart: Heart, Cheek: Cheek, Lung: Lung, Chin: Chin, Muscle: Muscle, Eyebrow: Eyebrow, Thigh: Thigh, Eyelash: Eyelash, Toenail: Toenail
Common Phrasal Verbs
Cheer up: Cheer up, Pick out: Choose, Cope with: Cope with, Soak up: Absorb, Get by: Get by, Switch off: Disconnect, Go ahead: Go ahead, Work out: Work out, Pay off: Pay off
Sleep-Related Vocabulary
Doze off: Doze off, Sleepy: Sleepy, Drop off to sleep: Fall asleep, Snore: Snore, Fast asleep: Fast asleep, Take a nap: Take a nap, Rest: Rest, Unconscious: Unconscious, Sleep deprivation: Sleep deprivation, Wide awake: Wide awake, Sleep pattern: Sleep pattern, Zone out: Zone out
Film and Book Vocabulary
Minor role: Supporting role, Award-winning: Award-winning, Plot: Plot, Book cover: Book cover, Sequel: Sequel, Set in: Set in, Film Franchise: Film franchise, Memoir: Memoir, Storyline: Storyline, Stunt: Stunt, Stunt person: Stunt double, Lead role: Lead role
-Ed and -Ing Adjectives
Amazed: Amazed, Exhausted: Exhausted, Amazing: Amazing, Exhausting: Exhausting, Amused: Amused, Frightened: Frightened, Amusing: Amusing, Frightening: Frightening, Annoyed: Annoyed, Intrigued: Intrigued, Annoying: Annoying, Intriguing: Intriguing, Concerned: Concerned, Pleased: Pleased, Concerning: Concerning, Pleasing: Pleasing, Embarrassed: Embarrassed, Shocked: Shocked, Embarrassing: Embarrassing, Shocking: Shocking
Affordable: Affordable, Performance: Performance, Gamer: Gamer, Realistic: Realistic, Able: Able, Then: Then, While: While, They: They, This: This, Their: Their, Which: Which, It: It, Ones: Ones
Emotions
Ashamed: Ashamed, Jealous: Jealous, Astonished: Astonished, Proud: Proud, Confused: Confused, Relieved: Relieved, Concerned: Concerned, Scared: Scared, Delighted: Delighted, Stressed: Stressed, Disappointed: Disappointed, Terrified: Terrified, Enthusiastic: Enthusiastic, Thrilled: Thrilled, Grateful: Grateful, Upset: Upset
UK/US English
UK: Aubergine: Eggplant, US: Eggplant, UK: Biscuit: Cookie, US: Cookie, UK: Sweets: Candy, US: Candy, UK: Chips: French fries, US: French fries, UK: Crisps: Chips, US: Chips, UK: Fast-Food restaurant: Diner, US: Diner, UK: Jam: Jelly, US: Jelly
Technology Vocabulary
Upload: Upload, Broadband: Broadband, Driverless: Driverless, Drones: Drones, Back up: Back up, Wireless: Wireless, Browse: Browse, Download: Download, Gadgets: Gadgets, Hand-held devices: Hand-held devices, High-tech: High-tech, Chips: Chips, Device: Device
Connectors
In spite of: In spite of (Formal), Despite: Despite (Informal), Although: Although (To contrast ideas), However: However
Adjectives to Describe Gadgets
Appealing: Appealing, Bizarre: Bizarre, Compact: Compact, Handy: Handy, Innovative: Innovative, Portable: Portable, Practical: Practical, Quirky: Quirky, Slimline: Slimline, Stylish: Stylish, Up-to-date: Up-to-date, User-friendly: User-friendly, Wearable: Wearable
False Friends
Actually: In reality, Assist: Help, Attend: Attend, Brave: Brave, Eventually: Finally
