Manzanares Manifesto of 1854: A Turning Point in Spanish Politics

Posted on Oct 25, 2024 in History

Background

This manifesto, drafted on July 7, 1854, in Manzanares, Spain, became a pivotal document in the 1854 revolution. Dissatisfaction with the existing political climate, marked by favoritism and corruption within moderate governments, fueled reactions among various factions, including moderates themselves. Progressive governments, historically excluded from power except through uprisings, saw an opportunity for change.

The Catalyst for Change

Rising grain prices exacerbated social unrest. The government’s persecution of the press, which targeted Queen Isabella II’s private life, further inflamed tensions. A moderate military conspiracy led by General Leopoldo O’Donnell faltered after the battle of Vicálvaro. This prompted O’Donnell to seek an alliance with the liberals, leading to the publication of two manifestos: the Aranjuez Manifesto on July 4th and the Manzanares Manifesto on July 7th. These manifestos signaled a clear alignment with progressive ideals.

The Uprising and Its Aftermath

Events in Madrid, with widespread barricades and progressive demonstrations, held particular significance. Queen Isabella II called upon General Espartero to form a government. The progressive victory became evident, marking a reversal of the 1843 uprising that had ushered in a moderate decade. The Manzanares Manifesto, authored by the young politician Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, aimed to bridge the gap between moderate and progressive factions.

Key Proposals of the Manifesto

• Regenerating Political Life: The manifesto called for the eradication of political and economic corruption prevalent under moderate governments.
• Promoting Progressive Proposals: It championed progressive ideals, including electoral reform, freedom of the press, recognition of military merit, national sovereignty, decentralization, and a National Militia.
• The Crown and National Sovereignty: While not challenging the monarchy, the manifesto advocated for national sovereignty and greater public participation in political affairs.
• The Military’s Role: Recognizing the significant influence of the military in 19th-century Spanish politics, the manifesto emphasized its role in achieving the country’s political goals.

The Manifesto’s Impact

The Manzanares Manifesto successfully rallied progressive support for O’Donnell’s cause. Popular uprisings erupted across Spain, particularly in Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia. This urban revolution radicalized the movement and led to a shift in the country’s political landscape. The pact between O’Donnell and Espartero resulted in a progressive government that initiated reforms, including the 1856 Constitution (which ultimately failed to take effect), national sovereignty, expanded suffrage, and reforms to the press and military laws.

Long-Term Consequences

While the Progressive Party eventually declined, replaced by the Democratic Party, the Manzanares Manifesto’s proposals resonated during the progressive biennium. The government focused on public works, railway development, and financial reform. However, social uprisings and Espartero’s departure from the government led to the biennium’s collapse. The Progressive Party’s decline allowed the rise of the Liberal Union party, led by O’Donnell, further shaping the trajectory of Spanish politics.