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Posted on Sep 18, 2019 in Economy

+Mannerism style is the art and architecture of the 16th century, characterized by the distortion of elements such as proportion and space. Mannerism acts as a bridge between the idealized style of Renaissance art and the dramatic theatricality of the Baroque Architecture -Mannerist architecture was characterized by visual trickery and unexpected elements that challenged the renaissance norms.Sculpture-Mannerist sculpture was more expressive than its Renaissance predecessor, and is exemplified by sculptors such as Jean Boulogne, known as Giambologna (1529-1608), Benvenuto Cellini (1500-71), Alonso Berruguete (c.1486-1561) or Juan de Juni (1507-1577).-Mannerist sculpture depicted both religious and mythological themes.-Sculptures were carved in marble or wood and casted in bronze.Painting -Mannerists typically painted figures using contorted or twisting poses and foreshortening, a technique for achieving the illusion of forms projecting into space. -In many Mannerist paintings proportions appear stretched, so that figures have elongated torsos, necks, or other features, and the illusion of space is unrealistic, with sharp jumps from foreground to background rather than gradual transitions (escorzo).-Mannerists felt free to experiment with traditional subjects from the Bible or mythology; they might intensify the emotional drama or add literary or visual references so that even knowledgeable viewers had to work hard to decipher the meaning. In other words, Mannerism is a style that displays the skill of the artist and demands knowledge of the viewer.-Among the finest Mannerist Artists were: Michelangelo (1475-1564) , Tintoretto (1518-94) one of the great drawing experts and a prolific composer of large religious paintings executed in the grand manner verging on the Baroque – see for instance The Crucifixion (1565); Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527-93) known for his bizarre fruit and vegetable portraits; Paolo Veronese (1528-88) the Venetian colourist; Domenikos Theotocopoulos, known as El Greco (1541-1614) the Venice-trained Greek artist who worked in Spain, known for his highly individualistic style of art reflecting his vision of Christianity and worldly meaning. Titian (1488-1576) was the most important member of the 16th century Venetian School.

Baroque was an artistic style that developed in Europe and Latin America during the 17th century and part of the 18th century.

ArchictectureThe main feature of Baroque Architecture was the desire to incorporate a sense of movement into the designs of new buildings: -The most common constructions were churches and palaces.-Architects designed curved cornices and split/broken pediments creating effects of light and shade.-The floor designs incorporated oval and elliptical shapes. -The interiors were elaborately decorated including Solomonic columns that featured a twisted shaft. -The churches included impressive domes decorated with frescoes. -Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini turned Rome into the capital of Baroque architecture, designing churches, squares and fountains that transformed the city.

Sculpture-Baroque sculptors wanted to represent movement and naturalism.-Figures showed exaggerated gestures and dramatic expressions. Sometimes they were captured in the middle of an action.-The use of curved lines and the folds of the clothing made the sculptures even more dynamic. -The materials used were marble, alabaster, bronze, wood, etc.-The themes represented were often religious and mythological. –Bernini was one of the most famous sculptors.

Sculpture Spain-Baroque sculptors wanted to represent movement and naturalism.-Figures showed exaggerated gestures and dramatic expressions. Sometimes they were captured in the middle of an action.-The use of curved lines and the folds of the clothing made the sculptures even more dynamic. -The materials used were marble, alabaster, bronze, wood, etc.-The themes represented were often religious and mythological. –Bernini was one of the most famous sculptors.

Painting–The main characteristics of Baroque painting include:-Realism: The aimed to show nature as it is, using real life models and even depicting the realism uniquely present in the grotesque, the ugly and the deformed.-Color predominated over drawing.-The use of Chiaroscuro that lead to tenebrism:  a dramatic illumination where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. The technique was developed to add drama to an image through a spotlight effect.-The painters used techniques such as foreshortening (escorzo), assymetry, undulating lines and people in motion to give the scenes dramatic tension and movement.-Among the greatest painters of the Baroque period are Velázquez, Caravaggio,Rembrandt, Rubens,Poussin, and Vermeer.