Key Concepts in Psychological Science and Research

Posted on Jun 21, 2026 in Psychology and Sociology

Część 2:

Emotions and the Emotion Wheel

31. A: An emotion caused by not liking something: DISGUST
B: An emotion of feeling very upset or dissatisfied with someone: ANGER
C: To feel or have sensations of something: EXPERIENCE
D: An emotion in which someone feels good: JOY
E: The way a person feels when undergoing a certain emotion: FEELING
F: An emotion of feeling scared: FEAR
G: A graphical representation of emotions and feelings: EMOTION WHEEL

32. 1. A: HAPPINESS is a feeling of well-being and contentment.

B: The expectation of an event causes ANTICIPATION.

2. A: The opposite of joy is SADNESS.

B: Anger is not a happy EMOTION.

3. A: When unexpected events happen, a person may experience SURPRISE.

B: TRUST relates to one person’s general attitude towards another.

Complex Emotions and Combinations

33. A: A combination of trust and fear: SUBMISSION
B: A combination of disgust and anger: CONTEMPT
C: A combination of disgust and sadness: REMORSE
D: A combination of fear and surprise: AWE
E: A combination of trust and joy: LOVE
F: To experience a certain state of mind: FEEL
G: Love; the realization that something cannot be avoided: ACCEPTANCE
H: A combination of sadness and surprise: DISAPPOINTMENT

34. 1. A: The death of a friend or family member usually causes GRIEF.

2. B: Fear and anticipation are both part of ANXIETY.

3. B: OPTIMISM is the quality of expecting good things to happen.

4. A: Anger is related to the feeling of AGGRESSIVENESS.

Motivation and Drive Theories

35. A: A theory of motivation that focuses on physical needs: DRIVE THEORY
B: Related to physical processes of living things: BIOLOGICAL
C: A theory of motivation that focuses on emotions: OPPONENT-PROCESS
D: The desire to perform actions: MOTIVATION
E: The feeling of wanting or needing to eat: HUNGER
F: Actions that are not learned or taught: INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR
G: The desire to learn about unknown things: CURIOSITY
H: A system of ranking needs according to their importance: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

36. 1. Sex drive is an instinctive behavior that many living things have naturally.

2. Arousal theory says that people act because they are bored.

3. The theory that people strive to keep their bodies balanced is called homeostatic-regulation theory.

4. Some explanations, like the theory of needs, address both biological and emotional motivation.

Stress Response and Coping Mechanisms

37. A: An important occurrence in a person’s life: LIFE EVENT
B: Something that causes a person to feel stress: STRESSOR
C: The first evaluation of a stressor, including how stressful it is: PRIMARY APPRAISAL
D: To see or notice something: PERCEIVE
E: A stage of stress response when energy levels are heightened: ALARM
F: To manage a negative situation: COPE
G: A stage of stress response when energy levels start to drop: RESISTANCE
H: A stage of stress response when the body is extremely tired: EXHAUSTION

38. 1. The SECONDARY APPRAISAL is an assessment of what someone can do about a stressful event.

2. When something stressful occurs, the body immediately starts the STRESS RESPONSE.

3. The psychologist helps people DEAL WITH stressors more effectively.

4. STRESS is the feeling of nervousness or anxiousness.

Structuralism and Functionalism

39. A: To separate something into its individual parts: BREAK DOWN
B: Influenced only by facts, and not feelings or beliefs: OBJECTIVE
C: The act of examining one’s own thoughts: INTROSPECTION
D: A method of comparing two opposing ideas; an individual part of something: DIALECTIC
F: Performed according to a planned set of steps: SYSTEMATIC
G: The most basic part of a sensory experience: ELEMENTARY SENSATION

40. 1. A: The school of STRUCTURALISM was popular in the early twentieth century.

B: The act of SELF-OBSERVATION allows people to examine their own thoughts.

2. A: The procedure has RIGID instructions that must be followed carefully.

B: Scientists perform experiments to collect EMPIRICAL evidence.

Functionalist Perspectives

41. A: A theory that focuses on the purposes of processes: FUNCTIONALISM
B: A part of the mind where mental processes occur: PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
C: A function of the mind with multiple steps and a specific result: PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS
D: The concept that an idea’s meaning is related to its results: PRAGMATICISM
E: The ability of something to serve a purpose: USEFULNESS

42. 1. The researcher waited for the computer to PROCESS the new set of data.

2. Each part of the body fulfills a very specific FUNCTION.

3. Over time, many creatures adapt and do well in their particular SURROUNDINGS.

4. A(n) PASSIVE process often occurs without any observable results.

5. A(n) ACTIVE process usually results in an observable change.

6. The professor placed an OVEREMPHASIS on some theories, and not enough focus on others.

7. With INSUFFICIENT data, the researchers could not draw a conclusion.

Behaviorism and Conditioning

43. A: The process of testing ideas on subjects like mice or monkeys: ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION BEHAVIOR
B: Happening or existing inside of the mind or body: INTERNAL
C: A form of learning based on the outcome of someone’s actions: OPERANT CONDITIONING
D: A school of psychology that focuses on behavioral conditioning: BEHAVIORISM
E: The subjects of a famous experiment involving conditioning: PAVLOV’S DOGS
F: A form of learning that involves linking the responses to stimuli: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
G: The actions that people can study: OBSERVABLE

44. 1. Some insects react strongly to STIMULI such as bright lights.

2. According to behaviorists, examining thoughts requires too much SPECULATION.

3. The scientist IGNORED an important factor, and the experiment failed.

4. The scientists tested the rabbit by placing it in a(n) SKINNER BOX.

5. The mouse displayed a(n) RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR by jumping after a loud noise.

Gestalt Psychology and Perception

45. A: A type of flawed logic in which a premise supports itself: CIRCULAR THINKING
B: A tendency to interpret more parts than are actually there: REIFICATION
C: A principle in which people perceive nearby objects as a group: LAW OF PROXIMITY
D: The process in which the mind perceives groups of parts as a whole: EMERGENCE
E: A principle in which people perceive something as halves around a center: LAW OF SYMMETRY
F: A field of science that studies the perception of patterns in the mind: GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
G: A principle in which people consider objects with like features as a group: LAW OF SIMILARITY

46. 1. A(n) HOLISTIC analysis focuses on all of someone’s psychological functions.

2. Behavior is just one ELEMENT of a psychological profile.

3. The SUM of a painting’s brushstrokes allows people to see a picture.

4. People’s brains tend to organize parts into a(n) WHOLE.

5. The LAW OF CLOSURE made the woman perceive the broken object as a bowl.

6. The picture demonstrates MULTISTABILITY since it can be perceived in two different ways.

Cognitivism and Social Interaction

47. A: The process in which people behave in response to each other: SOCIAL INTERACTION
B: Related to understanding complex ideas through individual parts: REDUCTIONIST
C: A type of mammal with hands and forward-facing eyes: PRIMATE
D: A school of psychology that focuses on the process of thinking: COGNITIVISM
E: A set of ideas that people use to think about a specific subject: FRAMEWORK
F: The level of exactness required to perform valid scientific studies: SCIENTIFIC RIGOR
G: The process of testing ideas in a controlled environment: EXPERIMENTATION

48. 1. A: Many psychologists are interested in the way a person THINKS.

B: Behaviorism FAILS to explain how thought affects behavior.

2. A: The scientist’s paper contained an alarming LACK of evidence.

B: The new scientific theory is a RESPONSE to many older theories.

Psychoanalysis and the Human Psyche

49. A: A behavior that harms an individual: MALADAPTATION
B: Part of the psyche that is based on fulfilling pleasures: ID
C: Part of the psyche that controls the conscience: SUPEREGO
D: Part of the psyche that is based on reality: EGO
E: An argument or prolonged disagreement: CONFLICT

50. 1. A: The human mind, or PSYCHE, has three divisions.

B: A DEFENSE MECHANISM protects a person from disturbing thoughts.

2. A: PSYCHOANALYSIS is a kind of therapy that resolves conflicts in the mind.

B: Sigmund Freud was the first to propose the idea of PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY.

3. A: DISSONANCE between the parts of the psyche leads to emotional problems.

B: CONSCIENCE makes people feel bad when they hurt others.

Evolutionary Psychology and Adaptation

51. A: Relating to all people everywhere: UNIVERSAL
B: The idea that behavior evolves like physical bodies: EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
C: To become stronger or better suited to an environment: ADAPT
D: An organization of multiple independent parts: MODULAR STRUCTURE
E: The process of changing over time due to differences in survival rates: NATURAL SELECTION
F: A conclusion based on interpretation of facts: INFERENCE
G: The ability to be proven right or wrong: TESTABILITY
H: The process of changing due to the ability to attract mates: SEXUAL SELECTION

52. 1. Working from a problem to a solution is an example of FUNCTION TO FORM.

2. Living things EVOLVE over many thousands of years.

3. Observing behavior to identify a possible problem is an example of FORM TO FUNCTION.

4. When a quality is the same in many different societies, it has CROSS-CULTURAL CONSISTENCY.

Behavioral Genetics: Nature vs. Nurture

53. A: A relationship in which something is a result of something else: CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
B: Passed down from generation to generation: HEREDITARY
C: The influence of the environment on an individual: NURTURE
D: A part of a cell containing information about its qualities: GENE
E: A group of cells or organs that work together: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
F: The influence of genetics on an individual: NATURE
G: A study examining individuals with identical genes: TWIN STUDY
H: A quality of a living thing: TRAIT

54. 1. The psychologist is interested in the study of GENETICS.

2. Most behavioral geneticists prefer to use a REDUCTIONIST APPROACH of breaking complex things down into their simplest parts.

3. Behavioral scientists are primarily interested in the process of QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI, determining which genes are linked to which behaviors.

4. The best way to study “nature versus nurture” is by observing IDENTICAL twins with exactly the same genes.

Humanistic Psychology and Self-Actualization

55. A: A person’s ability to control his or her actions without influence: FREE WILL
B: The process of reaching a person’s highest level of development: SELF-ACTUALIZATION
C: An ability that is possible but not yet developed: POTENTIAL
D: Complete or including many details: COMPREHENSIVE

56. 1. A: The man spent many years trying to ACTUALIZE his dream.

B: The business needs more money if it is going to SUCCEED.

2. A: Each person sees the world through a unique perception of REALITY.

B: The patient’s greatest STRENGTH was her ability to solve problems.

3. A: Even though he has physical limitations, the man wants to compete in the race.

B: Some psychologists demonstrate UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD to make their patients feel more accepted.

Health Psychology and Biopsychosocial Factors

57. A: An activity that takes place within a living thing: BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
B: Relating to the social, psychological, or biological aspects of pain: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
C: An activity that occurs when people interact with each other: SOCIAL PROCESS
D: An element of society that affects individuals or groups of people: CULTURAL FACTOR
E: A measurement of employment level and income: SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

58. 1. The woman’s body released CORTISOL when she saw her child in danger.

2. The habit of SMOKING is very bad for the throat, lungs, and heart.

3. Physicians and psychologists both work in the field of HEALTHCARE.

4. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY focuses on how the body and mind affect each other.

5. The patient’s ILLNESS was caused by various psychological factors.

The Scientific Method in Psychology

59. A: A statement or prediction that explains something: HYPOTHESIS
B: The set that does not receive the treatment being tested: CONTROL GROUP
C: A system for testing facts and processes: SCIENTIFIC METHOD
D: Able to be proven or disproven: TESTABLE
E: The factor in an experiment that is being tested: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
F: A process that reveals the effect of something: EXPERIMENT

60. 1. The experimenters’ PROBLEM was finding a more effective sleep medication.

2. The RESULTS showed major differences between the two groups.

3. The scientist’s OBSERVATION was that some patients improved faster than others.

4. The researcher found an error in the experiment, so he could not form a(n) CONCLUSION.

5. Members of the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP received a new type of therapy.