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IDEOLOGY AND THINKERS
1.Marx:2.Adorno & Horkheimer:
-Institute of Cultural Research at Frankfurt University -Reinterpret Marx.
-Critical Theory needed to build a true democracy.-The role of “Culture” and “Mass Culture”:
+ Cultural industry is capitalist because mass culture is imbued with capitalistic ideology of the upper class.+ Cultural commodities are sold , inferior to high art.
+ High art disturbs , contradicts , is a conflict/Low art is totalizing mastication , hide conflict.+ Systematic repetition numbs the mind and destroys the ability to think critically.3.Althussser:
4.Gramsci:
-Prevailing cultural norms of society (“the way things are”) are imposed by the ruling class and accepted as the cultural norms by subordinate classes.
+”Struggle for meaning”.
-Hegemony: (totalizing discourse) justifies the status quo of the dominant ideology and its economic , political , cultural and social situation as inevitable/natural/normal.
-Through consent and not through coercive power only (agency)!
5.Hall 6.Foucault
7.Ideological hegemony: Ideological hegemony is the process by which certain way of understanding the world appear so self-evident and/or naturalized as to render alternatives as nonsense/unthinkable
8.Foucault:-Science and its “truths”.-Power circulates among us: ideology is enacted by it.-The power in words and “discourses”.-Biopower.
9.Stuart Hall:-Dominant Ideology is negotiated in the media.-Not reproduction , but construction of meanings in representation.-Encoding / Decoding
DEONTOLOGICAL CODES
7.Brief history of the codes:
-First codes emerge in the US in the beginning of the 20th century.
+ First in Europe , 1918: Carte des devoirs professionnels des journalistes français.
+ 1920s and 1930´s: Scandinavian countries (Sweden 1923 , Finland 1924 and Norway 1936)
-After WWII , these documents multiply:
+ Some reach a supranational level like the International Federation of Journalists or the International Organization of Journalist (1954).
+ The declaration of Human Rights (with the recognition of information as a fundamental right in article 19) had a great role in this process.
-1980s/90s: a boom for codes (all members of EU finally had one):
+ 1983: UNESCO approves the International Principles of Professional Ethics of Journalism.
+ 1993: European Council passes the Resolution 1003 about Journalists Ethics:
*Importance of journalist ethics for European institutions.
*Puts the debate in the forefront.
*Ethical issues are not only for journalists , but also companies.
8.Codes in Spain:
-Spain , differently to other European countries , has a historical delay in its self-regulation.
+After the dictatorship , self-regulation was seen as yet another form of censorship.
-1992: Journalists Charter of Catalonia as the pioneer and encourages the emergence of new codes.
+ FAPE (Federation of Spanish Press Associations) did it in 1993.
+ Also in 1993: Convenio sobre principios de autorregulación de las cadenas de televisión en relación a los determinados contenidos de su programación referidos a la protección de la infancia y la juventud (Ministry of Science and Education).
+ It results in the Self-Regulatory Code for Television Contents and Infancy , which was supported by all national TV channels and radios.
9.Other issues:-Telebasura.-Press groups and other media have made their own deontological codes.-Codes on particular topics such as domestic violence , immigration , infancy or disability.-Proposition of a Law for professional journalists by the Forum of Journalist Organizations (2004):+ Still pending approval.+ Common ethical code.
+ Sanctioning institution.
AUDIOVISUAL COUNCIL
2.Tasks of the council:-Advising the courts and the government regarding legislation and regulation of audiovisuals.-Issue reports for renewal or revoking licenses.
-Yearly report about audiovisual medial and the opinion of the public.
-Study topics that are alarming: education , infancy , new mentalities.
-Work with “Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia” to avoid monopoly.
-Encourage the abiding by the rules , laws and codes regarding deontology , and denouncing those who don’t follow them to competent authority.
-Protect the rights of minorities , in programs and advertising.
-Mediate in issues of counter-programming , and promoting those produced by the local media.-Ask advertisers and audiovisual companies to stop or rectify illicit advertising.
-Encourage a plural and objective information.-Listen to the complaints of viewers and maintain a good relationships with civil society.
-1997: Consell Audiovisual de Catalunya (CAC)
+ 2000: Specific las for CAC , covering issues on advertising minors protection , personal rights , informative honesty and the public service of the council.
+ ”Oficina de Defensa de L´Áudiència”
+ Reports and recommendations.
-More recently , also in Navarra , Madrid , Galicia and Andalucía.