Introduction to Philosophy and Ethics
Moral, Ethics, and Logic
Moral
A set of specific rules intended to guide or direct people to do good (e.g., not killing, not stealing).
Moral Standard
A set of rules that govern the internal behavior of the subject. They are observed in an autonomous and free consent. Disobedience brings a pang of conscience.
Ethics
A philosophical discipline that reflects on the concepts, principles, rules, or moral grounds (not rules, only reflections).
Logic (Science)
Study of the general conditions of correct thinking.
Logic (Art)
Art of thinking correctly about a set of rules of right thinking.
Validity
To respect the rules of logic.
Reasoning and Concepts
Trial
An act of the intellect that decides on the suitability or unsuitability of two concepts.
Reasoning
Joining of trials to draw a conclusion.
Quality
Convenience (yes) or inconvenience (no).
Quantity
Number of individuals to which we refer at trial.
Concept
An abstract representation, universal and intellectual essence of an object (what it is). Meeting of the essential characteristics of a group of performances.
Image
Singular representation, specific and sensitive of an object (what I see).
Beatitudes and Commandments
Beatitude
Concrete proposal for a new way of living that requires a radical change (social and personal). They are auguries of happiness for those who want to live fully.
The 10 Commandments
- Love God above all things.
- Love your neighbor as yourself.
- Sanctify the Lord’s day.
- Honor your father and mother.
- Do not kill.
- Do not commit impure actions.
- Do not steal.
- Do not bear false witness or lie.
- Do not consent to impure thoughts.
- Do not covet your neighbor’s goods.
Values and Standards
Value
Something objective that captures my conscience, estimate, and imposed on it (quantifiable in the culture).
Hierarchy of Values
Order of values as the importance it gives each individual or social group.
Standard
A set of rules or guidelines governing something.
Social Norm
A set of rules or guidelines that fit wing behavior. Serve to regulate and define the common behavior development. Its implementation includes not being isolated.
Moral Standard
A set of rules that govern the internal behavior of the subject. They are observed in an open and aware way and are autonomous. Its implementation includes no remorse of conscience.
Civil Rule
Written laws that come from credas second nature by man. They are variable and relative, governing the external behavior of the subject. Its non-compliance is a criminal penalty.
Value Judgments
View of right and wrong of something, based on a particular set or system of values. They are statements of subjectivity.
Concepts and Trials
Extension
More or less considerable number of objects or individuals which may refer to one concept.
Understanding
More or less large number of characters that contain the concept, a number that may vary from one concept to another.
Analytical Trial
Analyzing the subject only to get the predicate.
Synthetic Trial
The predicate adds new features to the subject.
Mediate Reasoning
Two trials required to reach a conclusion.
Immediate Reason
It requires a trial to reach a conclusion.
Proposition
Expression of a trial.
A Priori Trial
Before trial experience.
Subsequent Trial
Trial after the experience.
Trial According to Quality
- Affirmative
- Negative
- Infinite
Trial According to Quantity
- Universal
- Private
- Individual
Judgments According to Relationship
- Categorical
- Disjunctive
- Hypothetical
Trials According to Type
- Problematic
- Assertory
- Apodictic
Goal of Formal Logic or Classical Correctness of Thought
Reasoning and Axiological Perspectives
Conversion Reasoning
Given a trial was immediately obtained, in conclusion, a new trial, altering the order of subject and predicate and subject that both terms are not extended further than they already had in the original wording or premise.
Obversion Reasoning
Given a trial is obtained immediately, in conclusion, another trial, changing the quality, keeping the quantity of the subject and replacing the predicate with its complement (not-P).
Axiological Relativism
It denies the validity of objective and absolute values and stated that all value is relative, that is, what has value for one, absolutely no value to another (subjectivism).
Axiological Objectivism
A target value is something that I grasp with my conscience, estimate, and imposed on her. Values shape culture.
Classification of Values According to Max Scheler
- Materials
- Vital
- Spiritual
- Religious or holy
Classification of Values According to Hessen
- Point of view (positive/negative, people and things/themselves and derivatives)
- Material terms (how nice, helpful, desirable)
- View refers to the subject (less than or sensitive/superior or spiritual), logical (true or false), ethical (good or bad), aesthetic (beautiful or ugly), religious