Intertextuality and Argumentation: Techniques and Strategies

Intertextuality

Intertextuality occurs when a text explicitly or implicitly references another. This can happen across various forms, including text, music, painting, film, and novels. Any reference to another work within a text is an example of intertextuality.

It appears explicitly when the author cites the source. In scientific texts, the author of the quoted text is indicated; otherwise, the indication is hidden. Readers need prior knowledge to recognize and identify this dialogue between texts. Intertextuality can involve stating the same ideas as the cited work or refuting them. There are two main ways this happens: paraphrasing and parody.

Paraphrasing

In paraphrasing, the words are changed, but the core idea of the original text is retained. This updates or reaffirms the meaning of the quoted text by expressing it in a different way.

Parody

Parody challenges or ridicules other texts, breaking with imposed ideologies. It is a key interest for scholars of language and the arts. Parody creates a clash of interpretations, using the original text’s voice to critique it. This leads readers to critically reflect on previously unchallenged truths, questioning established dogmas and seeking truth through reasoning and criticism. Comedians frequently use parody, and political speeches often employ it for comic effect, reflecting on the demagoguery of the ruling class. The same text used in the past can become a parody in a new context.

Argumentation

Argumentation is the ability to connect facts, theories, studies, opinions, problems, and solutions to support a specific idea or thought.

An argumentative text aims to convince or persuade the reader to agree with a line of reasoning. To be convincing, it must lead the reader to a point where they feel compelled to agree with the arguments.

In writing, especially in short texts, conciseness and accuracy are crucial. The issue or proposal should be stated early, followed by a clear position, always presented impersonally. Personal opinions are strictly prohibited in competitive texts as they can compromise the credibility of the facts and the cogency of the arguments. Statements from renowned authors or well-known books are more acceptable than the writer’s personal views.

Effective argumentation follows simple rules:

• Arguments must be based on study or previously acquired information.
• Examples should be consistent with reality or plausibly fictitious.
• Quotes from people or texts should be reliable.
• Arguments must align with reality, as demonstrated by experiments.
• Anticipate and address readers’ questions, doubts, and contrary thoughts to build stronger arguments based on further study and research.

Text Structure

• Maintain a logical flow of thoughts. Arguments must be interconnected, with each building upon the previous one.
• Introduce the subject and surrounding issues at the beginning, avoiding contradictions.
• Present arguments, examples, and citations in the body of the text.
• Conclude with a thesis that the reader has been led to accept throughout the text.

Reasoning and Persuasion

Argumentation deals with facts that generate diverse opinions, seeking to find reasons for a coherent view. It does not assert absolute truth or deny the truth asserted by others. The goal is to persuade the reader without ignoring possible counter-arguments.

Comparison and Clarity

Comparing different perspectives can aid persuasion by addressing potential counter-arguments. However, it is crucial to avoid contradictions and maintain clarity, which requires a good understanding of the subject.