International Security: A Contested Concept and Its Defining Factors
International Security: A Contested Concept
Why is International Security a Contested Concept?
International security is a complex and contested concept, with various interpretations and definitions. Some scholars argue that it is an ‘essentially contested concept’, meaning that there is no objective definition and its meaning is inherently disputed.
The meaning of”securit” has expanded over the years, encompassing a wide range of interconnected issues that affect survival, including military power, economic strength, ethnic and religious conflicts, trade and economic conflicts, energy supplies, science and technology, food, and threats to human security and state stability from environmental degradation, infectious diseases, climate change, and non-state actors.
Factors Involved in Defining International Security
Defining international security as an academic subject involves considering three related debates:
1. Domestic/International
What is considered international security and what is considered a domestic concern? Drawing the line between domestic and international is a matter of debate.
2. Social/Economic/Political
What aspects of social life, economic activities, and political decisions are relevant to international security?
3. Public/Private
Should international security analysis focus solely on government actions or also include private entities, such as private security firms?
Approaches to Defining International Security
Three common approaches to defining international security are:
1. Values/Interests
Focuses on protecting human life, freedom, and specific values, such as the European style of life.
2. Threats
Identifies threats that could harm values and interests.
3. Change vs. Status Quo
Considers whether the goal is to maintain the status quo or promote change.
Reconciling Different Views
The grand theories approach to reconciling different views on international security has been criticized as impractical. Instead, scholars suggest using middle range theories that focus on specific questions and causal relationships, incorporating a comprehensive set of variables to explain phenomena.
Theory Trends in International Security
Major theory trends in international security include:
- Marxism (1900-18)
- Liberalism (1920s)
- Realism (1939-60s)
- Neo-realism vs Neo-liberalism (1980s)
- Anything goes (1990s-): Fragmentation & fads
Conclusion
International security is a complex and evolving field of study, with various interpretations and approaches. Understanding the contested nature of the concept and the factors involved in defining it is crucial for a comprehensive analysis of international relations.