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Personal Protective Equipments (PPE’s)• Personal protective equipments commonly referred to as “PPE “includes all clothing and work accessories designed to protect employees from injury or infection. • It refers to the protective clothing, helmets, hard hats, hearing protectors, respirators, goggles or other garments or equipment’s meant to protect the wearers’ body from injury by heat, chemicals, infection, electrical hazards, airborne particulate matter etc. • The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not effective to reduce these risks’ • 1)Non- respiratory protective devices include head protectors, eye protectors, hand and arm protectors, foot and leg protectors, body protectors and skin protectors. •2) Respiratory protective equipment’s include different kinds of breathing apparatus like filter respirators, airline respirators, self- contained breathing apparatus etc.  ✓PPE is suitable for the nature of work and any hazard associated, ✓It is of suitable size and fit and reasonably comfortable for the person who wears them. ✓It is maintained, repaired or replaced suitably, 1. Head protection – for example, Safety helmets, hard hats 2. Foot protection – for example, Safety shoes/boots 3. Respiratory protection – for example, disposable, cartridge, air line, half or full face 4. Eye protection – for example, goggles/ spectacles, shields, visors 5. Hearing protection – for example, plugs & ear muffs. 6. Hand protection – for example, gloves and barrier creams 7. Working from heights – for example, harness and fall arrest devices 8. Skin protection – for example, Full body suit, Heat resistant suit 9. Other personal protective equipment: This may include PPE for specific job such disposable clothing for working with chemicals, radiation hazards, painting, welding, Gas cutting. Examples include lead aprons for X-Ray protection; sleeve protectors, aprons, coveralls when using chemicals; leather jackets, trousers and spats for welding; thermal and cold protective clothing for work near furnaces and cool rooms HEAD PROTT a) Safety Helmets ✓A safety helmet must be worn where a person may be struck on the head by a falling body, flying objects, overhead spills of hot and corrosive chemicals, electric shock etc. ✓A wide range of accessories can be fitted with the helmets for variable working conditions. ✓The hard shell of the safety helmet is designed to protect the head against impact ✓Helmets are made out of materials such as fiber-glass reinforced plastic, HDPE (High Density Polyethene), aluminium alloy etc. ✓To provide best protection, a safety helmet must fit properly. b) Hard Hats ✓Safety hats protect the head from impact, penetration and electrical shock. ✓A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used in workplace environments such as construction sites, to protect the head from injury. ✓Hard hats are classified into three categories • Class G – General Service, limited voltage protection • Class E – Utility Service, high voltage protection • Class C – Special Service, no voltage protection .Ear Protection a) Ear Plugs ✓An ear plug is a device that is meant to be inserted in the ear canal to protect the wearer from loud noise, intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust or excessive wind. ✓ Most earplugs are made of foam that is inserted into the ear canal. ✓Ear plugs are rated with Noise Reduction Ratings which provide a guide to the noise protection provided by the device. b) Ear Muffs ✓Ear muffs are the objects designed to cover a person’s ear for protection or for warmth. ✓ Ear muffs have cups and cushions that fit securely around the ears, covering them completely, and are held in place by a head band. ✓Thermal ear muffs work in cold environment to keep a person’s ear warm. Eye and Face Protection ✓Eyes are vulnerable to mechanical, chemical and thermal hazards. a) Safety Glasses ✓Safety glasses are the most commonly used form of eye protection. ✓They are basically designed to provide protection from flying particles that may strike the eyes from the front. b) Goggles ✓Goggles are intended for use when protection is needed against chemicals or particles. ✓Impact protection goggles which contain perforations on the sides of goggle are not to be used for chemical splash protection, therefore are not recommended. ✓Splash goggles which contain shielded vents at the top of the goggle are appropriate for chemical splash protection, and also provide limited eye impact protection. ✓Goggles only protect the eyes, offering no protection for the face and neck 

c) Face Shields ✓Full face shields provide the face and throat partial protection from flying particles and liquid splash. ✓For maximum protection against chemical splash, a full-face shield should be used in combination with chemical splash goggles. ✓Face shields are appropriate as secondary protection when implosion (e.g. vacuum applications) or explosion hazards are present.Arm and Hand Protection • Arms and hands are vulnerable to cuts, burns, bruises, electrical shock, chemical spills, and amputation. a) Gloves • Gloves provide protection for the hands and arms from chemicals, temperature extremes, and abrasion. • Their proper selection is vital to their ability to protect. • This is especially true when dealing with potential exposure to chemicals. ✓Caution is also required when using gloves around moving equipment. ✓Gloves should not be used by anyone whose hands are exposed to moving parts in which their hands could get caught. The following is a general list of the types of gloves 1. Disposable latex gloves 2. Chemical resistant gloves 3. Leather gloves 4. Non asbestos heat-resistant gloves 5. metal-mesh gloves for operations cutters 6. Cotton gloves – Foot Protection • The toes, ankles and feet are exposed to a wide range of on the job injuries. • Safety shoes and boots provide impact and compression protection for workers who handle heavy materials or work in areas where materials could roll or fall onto their feet. • Foot protection is usually in the form of steel-toed work boots, with a steel shank to protect the bottom of the foot from puncture wounds. • In wet environments, steel-toed boots that are waterproof and slip-resistant may be necessary. Respiratory Protection • Respiratory hazards include airborne contaminants such as dusts, mists, fumes and gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. • A respirator is a protective face piece, hood or helmet that is designed to protect the wearer against various harmful airborne agents. • Respirators should not be the first choice for respiratory protection in workplaces. • Air-purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by filtering out particulates (e.g., dusts, metal fumes, mists, etc.) ✓ Other APRs purify air by adsorbing gases or vapours on a sorbent (adsorbing material) in a cartridge or cannister. 1. mouth bit respirator (fits in the mouth and comes with a nose clip to hold nostrils closed -for escape purposes only) 2. quarter-mask (covering the nose and mouth), 3. half-face mask (covering the face from the nose to below the chin), or 4. full facepiece (covering the face from above the eyes to below the chin) • Supplied-air respirators (SARs) supply clean air from a compressed air tank or through an airline. ✓This air is not from the work room area. ✓The air supplied in tanks or from compressors must meet certain standards for purity and moisture content. ✓Supplied-air respirators may have either tight-fitting or loose-fitting respiratory inlets.

5 s of Housekeeping • The 5 S was invented in Japan • It stands for the five Japanese words that start with the letter ‘S’: seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke. • An equivalent set of five ‘S’ words in English has been adopted to preserve the 5 S acronym- sort, set(in place), shine, standardize and sustain- in the English usage. • 1. Seiri (sort)• The first step of the 5 S processes, seiri, refers to the act of throwing away all the unwanted, unnecessary and unrelated materials in the workplace. • The people involved in seiri must not feel sorry about having to throw away things. • The idea is to ensure that everything left in the workplace related to the work. • Even the number of necessary items in the workplace must be kept to its absolute minimum.benifits❖ Seiri (sorts) saves productive work. ❖ It prevents incidents of unnecessary things. ❖ It provides clarity as to what is in stock. ❖ It reduces unnecessary handling, as there are less number of items to handle.   • 2. Seiton (straighten or streamline)• Seiton means systematic, orderly, efficient, and effective arrangement of items in use. • For effective storage, answers to the following questions are required. i. What items are to be stored? ii. Where should the items be stored? iii. What quantity of the items is generally required to be stored? iv. Are there any special storage requirements? v. How often the items are to be stored or retrievedbenifits  ❖ Easy retrieval of materials. ❖ Time taken to search is minimized. ❖ Unnecessary purchase is avoided. ❖ Categorize files, mails, papers, etc. based on specific criterion  • 3. Seiso (shine)• Seiso is cleaning the workplace completely so that there is no dust on the floor, machines, and equipment. • The objective of seiso is to return items, jigs/fixtures, molds, equipment, and other utilities and workplaces used during work to their original clean and polished condition by removing scrap and leftovers and wiping all surfaces to make dust/dirt free.benifits❖Early identification of problems like cracks/oil leakage. ❖Greater confidence of customers. ❖Improved product quality.    • 4. Seiketsu (standardize)• Seiketshu is repeatedly following of “Seiri”, “Seiton” and “Seiso”, developing and implementing standard operating procedures and maintaining safe and hygienic conditions at work leading to serene atmosphere. • Seiketshu embraces both personal cleanliness and that of the work environment. • It emphasis on 5-S standardization and visual management. • Standardization ensures that all assignments are absolutely clear and there is no undefined area.• 5. Shitsuke (sustain) • Shitsuke means self-discipline. • It denotes commitment to maintain orderliness and to practice the first 4S as a way of life. • The emphasis of shitsuke is the elimination of the bad habits and constant practice of the good ones. • Once a true shitsuke is achieved, the personnel voluntarily observe cleanliness and orderliness at all times, without having to be reminded by the management. • One must train oneself to keep the 4S principles and realize that by following the 5S, ultimately the work will become easier. benifits   ❖Discipline in the system. ❖Waste reduction. ❖High morale. ❖Neat and cleanliness.

 Safe work permits • A safe work permit is nothing but a written record that, authorizes the particular work, at a particular location, for a definite period of time. Principles  • A safe work permit must identify the items on which the work is to be done. • We should keep in mind the following principles for operating the safe work permit. ❖The permit should have accurate and detailed information. ❖It should be stated clearly that which type of work is to be done and also the supervisor. ❖The time should be specified to the work permit, if the work does not completed in time, then re-issue should take place. ❖Work must be done only in the allocated area given in the permit. 1. Hot work permit • We issue hot work permits, when the work activities deals with the heat as well as sparks etc. • The hot work includes burning, welding, non flame proof industrial, electrical devices, pneumatic chippers, hammers, and drills etc. • Three dangers 1. Items having a flammable materials and hot work have to be done on them. 2. Items having combustible materials, which upon working gives flammable vapours. 3. And those having the flammable vapors and gases in their surrounding area or atmosphere. 2. Cold safe work permits• Such types of work permits are used for the maintenance purposes, that do not deals hot work. • Such kinds of permits are allocated when there is no ignition sources and all the harmful substances contact have been reduced or eliminated. • Example- painting, and varnishing etc  3. Confined space entry permits • Confined space means a limited space such as any type of chamber, valt,pipe, tank, flue or similar spaces etc. • Entry work permits are required for the confined spaces if they have a more width than twice of the depth of the spaces. • It will be better to do the work from outside the space if possible. • The person which issues the permit to work in the confined spaces must ensure that there is the facility of proper ventilation, rescue facilities and trained persons in such kind of works, proper illumination along with the safety standards, easy and safe access to the vessel parts.  Housekeeping • Good housekeeping is one of the important elements of accident prevention programmes. • It should be planned at the beginning of the job and carefully supervised until the final clean up and handing over of the site. • Good housekeeping always increases productivity. It prevents injury such as fall, Trip,Slip, fire etc. • Poor Housekeeping is source of Accident. • Benefits of Good Housekeeping 1. Eliminates accident and fire hazards. 2. Maintains safe, healthy work conditions. 3. Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort. 4. Improves productivity and quality. 5. Employees boosts employees morale. 6. Reflects a well-run organization. Guidelines  1. All materials should be maintained in neat stockpiles with well laid aisles and walkways for ease of access. There shall not be any projections in the walkways. 2. Debris from the floors shall be removed and collected by suitable chutes and skips. When the skip is full, debris shall be disposed off into the designated dumping area. 3. Loose materials, scrap, tools etc. shall not be allowed lying in the working areas especially in the vicinity of ladders, ramps, stairs etc. This is more important at heights where loose materials are liable to fall down. 4. Spilt oil and grease should be removed immediately. 5. Protruding nails is wooden pieces is a chronic problem in sites of civil work construction. Every worker need to be made aware that such pieces will injure the workers themselves so that they will not throw such wooden pieces carelessly around their work space. Instead they should retrieve protruding nails and stack the materials in designated place. 6. Wooden scrap yard should be well away from any gas cutting or welding operations and ‘No Smoking’ board shall be strictly exhibited there. 7. All floors shall be numbered at the landing level. 8. Combustible and non-combustible materials shall be segregated and marked with separate waste bins shall be collected and disposed off to designated dumping areas. 9. Construction materials shall be stacked in safe and orderly manner with safe access. They shall not be stacked near the edge of floor or openings. 10. Adequate lighting should be provided in and around all work areas, passage ways, stairs, ladders and other areas used by personnel. 11. All openings in floors where workmen are liable to work or even pass through shall be either closed or barricaded. If they are closed, a visible sign shall be kept to indicate the opening below the cover