Industrial Revolution

•Industrial revolution

-Began in UK -Started at the late 18th century, 1st I.R(1780-1870), 2nd I.R(1870-1914)  -Changed→~the way goods were produced (machines replaced manual labour) ~the way work was organized (factories, division of labour)  -Radically changed the economy and society, end of agrarian economy

•Why did the industrial revolution began in UK?

-Stable political situation and favourable economic system: economic liberalism –Agricultural revolution       –Population growth (demographic revolution) -Vast colonial empire that supplied: ~raw materials ~markets to sell their products ~capital(from foreign trade)  -The development of textile and iron industries  -Availability of capital to finance industry  -Existence of an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie -Improved transports (roads)  -Capability of technical innovation 

•Agricultural revolution (18th century)

-Norfolk system: ~Constant crop rotation(no fallow land): higher yields  ~Production of feed for animals (increased livestock farming) ›increased cereal production ›improved human diet 

-These innovations: ~Spread of new crops from America, more diversified diet  ~New machinery  ~Selection of seeds and livestock  ~Enclosures acts: turned common land into private property, which was obligatory to fence. Poor peasants couldn’t afford fences, so they sold their properties to rich peasants, bourgeois & nobles.

*Consequences Agricultural revolution 

-Increased agricultural production: ~improved nutrition, population growth  ~freed peasants that emigrated to cities to look for industrial jobs  ~higher profits that were invested in developing industry  -Concentration of landownership: ~higher profits that were invested in developing industry  ~freed peasants that emigrated to cities to look for industrial jobs 

•Population growth (demographic rev.) 18 the century 

-Birth rate: remained high -Death rate: decreased (improved nutrition,hygiene,…) -Large natural population growth: ~increased workforce for industry ~increased demand for industrial products

•Mechanisation of industry

3 phases in the evolution of industry:

1°Artisanal industry (until mid 18th century aprox.)

2°Modern industry (1780-1950): -1st industrial revolution→~Steam engine: powered by burning coal; moved other machines. Patented by James Watt (1769) It was the foundation of the 1st Industrial Revolution  ~Factory production: ›concentrates production in one place ›located near sources of power ›requires a lot of capital investment more than skilled labour ~Factory system: ›rigid schedule ›12-14 hours day ›dangerous conditions ›mind-numbing monotony   -2nd industrial revolution→machines were moved by engines powered by new sources of energy (oil and electricity)

3°Contemporary industry (mid 20th century onwards)

•Textile industry

-1st sector that became mechanized 

population growth→incresed demand of cotton fabrics→new machines were invented to increase production (1st powered by hand and water,later by steam engines)

-Different machines were invented to: ~spin cotton: transform raw cotton into cotton thread  ~weave cloth: lace threads together to form a fabric

Easier & faster machines to spin cotton threads. They enable to spin several bobbins at the same time: ~Spinning Jenny: manual spinning machine, James Hargreaves (1764)  ~Water Frame: water-powered spinning machine, Richard Arkwright (1767)

✓Steam-powered machines enabled factories to be located in cities (not next to rivers any more)

✓Consolidated the factory system.

✓Cotton became more popular than linen or wool.

✓Supremacy of British cotton industry in the world. ~Power Loom: Steam-powered loom that combined

threads to make cloth, Edmond Cartwright (1785)  ~Self-acting spinning mule: automatic steam-power spinning machine, Richard Roberts (1830)

•Iron and steel industry 

New techniques to produce iron were invented→led British iron industry to undergo a large growth

-Before: ~Wood ~Melted in small ovens ~Manual/hydraulic bellows

-After: ~Coal ~Blast furnaces ~Steam-powered bellows

~New techniques: -Puddling:improved resistance -Rolling: improved casting 

•Spread Of Industrialisation

-Around 1830 countries close to UK (Belgium, France, Germany…) and the ones with close ties to UK (US).

-Factors that determined the spread of industrialization: ~availability of capital & natural resources (coal, iron,

cotton) ~population growth (availability of workforce)  ~demand of industrial products (wealth)  ~political situation  ~transports

*Belgium: -Historical background: independent from the Netherlands since 1830 -First country after Britain to industrialize  -Factors: ~coal & iron deposits near each other  ~traditional thriving textile industry (wool)  ~napoleonic block-trade to UK (1806-1814) ~government’s promotion of transports to tie the nation closer together (construction of waterways and national railway network(1834))

*France: -Historical background: turbulent period(1789-1815) -Industrialized later due to: ~unstable political situation ~lack of coal ~lower industrial demand due to a slow population growth and the predominance of a

self-sufficient rural society  -Industrialization focused specially in the north of France, due to its proximity to UK and Belgium

*Germany: -Historical background: not politically unified until 1871 -Modestly industrialized due to: ~Coal mines (regions: Ruhr, Silesia…) ~Customs union (Zollverein) in 1834 -Germany didn’t seriously industrialized until after unification (1871)

*USA: -Historical background: gained independence from UK in 1776 (declaration of independence) -Quick industrialization due to: ~Huge territory to grow cotton ~Mining resources ~High demand due to immigration ~Railway development ~Protectionism ~By 1914 (WW1) it was the leading industrial power in the world

*2nd wave of countries to industrialize(spain, italy, greece, portugal,rusia): -Poor natural resources -Little demand (rural & impoverished countries) -Low investment either from the bourgeoisie or the government -Far away from main trading areas 

•Economic Consequences of the industrial revolution:

revolution in transport & rise in trade:

*The Steamboat: -Invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton        -First steamboats were riverboats -Later inventions and improvements allowed steamboats to be used for sea transport & trade -Canals built to connect ports (Suez Canal 1859-69)

*The Railway: -locomotive= a mobile steam engine that can pull cars on steel rails  -First short-distance railways in Great Britain -The Rocket (1829): ~locomotive that could pull cars uphill ~enabled building longer-distance railways and use for trade and transport

*Rise In Trade: -Domestic and foreign trade increases because of: ~increase in demand & production ~new transportation methods  -Growth in trade→guaranteed food supply -Industry had access to raw materials and could sell products→each region could specialize its production & be more competitive

*Consequences: -Rise of capitalism  -Greater inequality between industrialized and non-industrialized countries   -Measured by industrial capability rather than geographical size or military power

•Social Consequences of the industrial revolution:

bourgeoisie, proletariat & the labour movement 

★Social changes during the Industrial Revolution:

-The liberal revolutions and the Industrial revolutions led to a new social organization: ~Stratified society ~Class society  -The new type of society was based not on birth, but on personal merit & wealth: ~Dominant classes→bourgeoisies & former nobility ~Dominated classes→proletariat  and peasants

*Rise Of The Bourgeoisie: -The bourgeoisie gained political power, became wealthy through their

economic activities, and became an elite cultural group

-Upper Bourgeoisie→owned factories, businesses, mines, land, banks… -Petite Bourgeoisie→small business owners and merchants,doctors and lawyers.

-Men worked, Women ran the home, Children went to school 

*Birth Of The Proletariat: -New machines made it difficult

for peasants and artisans to continue their work.            -Proletariat→urban workers,miners, peasants.

-Men worked, Women worked, Children worked 

*The Proletariat: -Workers had almost no education or skills -Suffered very harsh working conditions -They worked long hours (14-16h) for low wages -Factories were loud and dangerous -They hadno insurance for accidents -They lived in small houses in crowded neighborhoods with poor sanitation -Many of the industrial workers were women & children

★The Labour Movement: -Early 1800s -Workers blamed machines for their low salaries and unemployment -As a reaction, the Luddite movement broke out  -Groups of artisans protested against industrialisation by destroying machinery and burning factories    *Trade Unions: workers associations created to achieve common goals -Were illegal in Britain until 1825. -Demanded: ~improved working conditions ~Shorter hours ~Two-day weekends ~Higher pay ~Universal suffrage. -Factory owners and businessmen tried to stop trade unions

★New political ideologies:socialism & anarchism

-Conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat led to new ideologies -The primary ones were socialism and anarchism.

*Industrial capitalism:

-Who controls property?  The bourgeoisie controls private

property and the means of production (machines, tools,

technology)

-What is the role of the State?  The government protects people and their private property.

-What is the goal?  The goal is to gain wealth.

*Socialism

-Who controls property?  Property and means of production are shared by the community.

-What is the role of the State? ~The proletariat forms labour parties that plan the economy ~A temporary dictatorship of the proletariat is established to create collective ownership.

-What is the goal?  A Communist society with neither

classes nor a State

*Anarchy

-Who controls property?  All property is shared by the community

-What is the role of the State?  Nothing. The proletariat eliminates the State in a spontaneous revolution.

-What is the goal?  ~Small communities where everyone

is equal ~The elimination of anything that

limits freedom(State, classes,private property, and religion)

Definitions

Puddling: Process to refine iron and reduce the amount of carbon in it. It produces wrought iron→more resistant.

Rolling: Process in which iron stock is passed through some rolls to reduce its thickness and to make the thickness uniform. It facilitates its casting.

Class struggle: society is divided into two main hostile camps