Indian Knowledge Systems: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Life

Posted on Sep 5, 2025 in Other university degrees and diplomas

What is the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)?

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) encompasses traditional knowledge developed in India over centuries across various fields.
It includes subjects such as science, mathematics, medicine, art, literature, and philosophy.
Great Indian scholars like Aryabhata and Sushruta made significant contributions to global knowledge.
IKS promotes harmony with nature and advocates for sustainable living.
It also imparts values, ethics, and well-being through systems like Yoga and Vedanta.

What is the Vedic Corpus?

The Vedic corpus comprises four principal Vedas: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. These texts, written in Sanskrit, are the oldest scriptures of Indian spiritual and philosophical thought. Each Veda is divided into four parts: Samhitas (hymns), Brahmanas (rituals), Aranyakas (forest texts), and Upanishads (philosophical teachings). The Vedic corpus covers topics including prayers, rituals, astronomy, medicine, ethics, and meditation, forming the bedrock of Indian knowledge systems, culture, and spirituality.

How Many Vedangas Are There? Name Them.

Shiksha – Phonetics and pronunciation
Vyakarana – Grammar
Nirukta – Etymology or explanation of words
Chandas – Meter (poetic structure)
Kalpa – Ritual instructions and procedures
Jyotisha – Astronomy and astrology (for fixing the time of rituals)

What Are the 18 Vidyas in IKS?

The 18 Vidyas in IKS are: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda, Shiksha (phonetics), Kalpa (rituals), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Chandas (meter), Jyotisha (astronomy), Mimamsa (ritual interpretation), Nyaya (logic), Dharma Shastra (law and ethics), Puranas (mythology and history), Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (warfare and archery), Gandharvaveda (music and performing arts), and Sthapatyaveda (architecture and engineering).

Traditional Knowledge vs. Indigenous Knowledge

Traditional Knowledge (TK):

Definition: TK refers to the knowledge, skills, and practices developed and passed down through generations within a specific culture or community.
Scope: It is broad, encompassing knowledge related to agriculture, medicine, environment, art, architecture, and spiritual practices.
Source: TK can originate from both rural and urban settings and is not necessarily linked to tribal or indigenous groups.

Indigenous Knowledge (IK):

Definition: IK is the unique knowledge held by indigenous or tribal communities, rooted in their interaction with the local environment.
Scope: IK is more specific and localized, often focused on survival, resource use, and environmental management within a particular area.
Source: IK originates from indigenous or tribal peoples, typically living in close connection with nature.

Traditional Knowledge in Humanities and Sciences

In Humanities:

Literature & Language: Traditional Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata impart moral values, philosophy, and ethics.
Philosophy: Schools such as Vedanta, Nyaya, and Samkhya offer profound insights into life, logic, and consciousness.
Art & Culture: Classical dance, music, and painting styles (e.g., Bharatanatyam, Hindustani music) are deeply rooted in tradition and express emotions, devotion, and history.

In Sciences:

Mathematics: Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata and Bhaskaracharya made significant contributions to algebra, the concept of zero, the decimal system, and trigonometry.
Astronomy: Traditional astronomy (Jyotisha) was utilized for creating calendars, observing festivals, and timekeeping.
Medicine: Ayurveda is a holistic health system focused on achieving balance, incorporating diet, and employing natural remedies.

Key Aspects of Traditional Aeronautical and Astrological Knowledge

Traditional Aeronautical Knowledge:

Ancient Indian texts, such as the Vaimānika Shāstra, describe concepts of flying machines known as Vimanas—mythical aerial vehicles mentioned in epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
These texts detail designs, materials, propulsion systems, and aerodynamics, reflecting early ideas about flight technology.
While largely mythological, this knowledge signifies ancient India’s curiosity about air travel and mechanical innovation.

Traditional Astrological Knowledge (Jyotisha):

Jyotisha, one of the six Vedangas, centers on astronomy and astrology.
It involves the calculation of planetary positions, eclipses, lunar phases, and time cycles.
Astrology was employed to determine auspicious timings (muhurtas) for rituals, marriages, agricultural activities, and other significant events.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are: No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-being, Quality Education, Gender Equality, Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, Reduced Inequality, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and Production, Climate Action, Life Below Water, Life on Land, Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, and Partnerships for the Goals.

Meaning of Samhitas

Samhitas represent the earliest strata of the Vedas.
They consist of hymns, mantras, and chants.
Samhitas are primarily used in rituals and religious ceremonies.
They are composed in the ancient Sanskrit language.
Examples include the Rigveda Samhita, Yajurveda Samhita, Samaveda Samhita, and Atharvaveda Samhita.

What Are Upanishads?

Upanishads are ancient Indian texts that elucidate the spiritual and philosophical underpinnings of the Vedas.
They delve into concepts such as the soul (Atman), ultimate reality (Brahman), and the nature of existence.
Upanishads advocate meditation, self-realization, and knowledge as pathways to liberation (moksha).
They signify a shift from ritualistic practices to profound inner spiritual understanding.
There are over 200 Upanishads, with approximately 13 considered principal or major Upanishads.

Traditional Knowledge in Town Planning and Architecture

Vastu Shastra is the ancient Indian science of designing buildings and cities in harmony with nature. It guides the creation of homes and towns conducive to health and happiness by optimizing the use of sunlight, wind, and earth energy. Ancient cities featured well-organized streets, efficient drainage systems, and distinct zones for residences, markets, and temples. Buildings utilized local materials and natural methods for climate control, conserving energy. Town planning incorporated spaces for community interaction and demonstrated respect for the environment and cultural heritage.

Traditional Knowledge in Engineering and Technology

Ancient India exhibited advanced engineering capabilities, evident in the construction of robust temples, forts, and intricate water management systems. Techniques like Vastu Shastra informed building designs, ensuring structural integrity and occupant comfort. Engineers developed sophisticated irrigation systems, including stepwells, canals, and tanks, for efficient water management. Metallurgy was highly advanced; for instance, the Iron Pillar of Delhi has resisted rust for centuries. Traditional technology also encompassed crafts such as pottery, textiles, and metallurgy, skillfully blending scientific principles with artistic expression for practical applications.

Traditional Knowledge in Health and Wellness

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical system, focuses on balancing the body, mind, and spirit to achieve optimal health. It employs natural herbs, dietary adjustments, yoga, and massage for illness prevention and treatment. Traditional wellness practices like Yoga and Meditation enhance both physical and mental well-being. Home remedies and herbal treatments passed down through generations are integral to this knowledge. The emphasis lies on promoting a healthy lifestyle, prioritizing prevention, and fostering healing in conjunction with nature.