Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and 19th-Century Art Movements
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
The late 19th century saw the rise of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism during a time of significant technological and societal change. The Industrial Revolution brought advancements like electricity, rail expansion, and new forms of communication. Liberal states and democratic governments were consolidating power, while colonization and imperialism expanded European influence, particularly in Asia and Africa.
France, a major colonial power, enjoyed economic prosperity, with Paris at the center of the art world. However, the art scene was dominated by the Académie des Beaux-Arts and its strict adherence to Neoclassicism. Artists seeking to break free from these conventions faced rejection from the Academy’s annual exhibitions.
In 1863, the Salon des Refusés was created by Napoleon III to showcase the works rejected by the official Salon. Among these was Édouard Manet’s controversial painting, “Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe” (“Luncheon on the Grass”), which straddled Realism and Impressionism, challenging traditional themes and techniques. While met with criticism, it also garnered praise from a group of artists who would later form the Impressionist movement.
By the 1870s, these artists, including Monet, Cézanne, Renoir, Degas, and Pissarro, disillusioned with academic restrictions, began organizing independent exhibitions. Monet’s painting, “Impression, Sunrise,” displayed at their 1874 exhibition, gave the movement its name, coined by an art critic who used the term derisively.
Impressionists embraced painting outdoors (en plein air), capturing the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere. They favored everyday life scenes and landscapes, using loose brushstrokes and vibrant colors to convey a sense of immediacy and movement.
Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism emerged in the late 19th century, encompassing diverse styles from around 1886 to 1905. While not a complete departure from Impressionism, it reflected a shift towards greater personal expression and a more subjective interpretation of reality.
Artists like Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Toulouse-Lautrec, while influenced by Impressionism, developed distinct styles that emphasized personal emotions, symbolism, and a move away from strict representation. The term “Post-Impressionism” itself wasn’t used until 1910, highlighting the retrospective grouping of these artists.
Iron Architecture
The Industrial Revolution changed the society of the twentieth century by population growth, which was needed to channel new urbanism lintensa construction activity. At this time there is a search of an architecture adapted to the needs of the new society. Simultaneously are new materials such as iron and glass buildings that allow stronger but also faster to build. While the buildings may be embargadora month. From the mid-twentieth century buildings were built large iron-coated glass to collect the universal exhibitions in European capitals, periodically.These buildings are dismounted ephemeral exposure ended. Late nineteenth century was also shown from this point on the cement and metal structures were used for coating support and cement and glass buildings to form the large windows. A paradigmatic example: the British empire decided to build buitding larger world for the first World Exposition, held in London. The Crystal Palace, a building made only with elements of iron, glass and prefabricated wood.
David The French Revolution was chaired by a time when the system goes into crisis absolutist French monarchy. The excesses of the court of Louis XVI with a rise in prices due to a bad harvest. Generated unease in the population: When the king summoned the States General, to make a monetary request. The trio was (Burgess) decided to leave the States General and General lAssamblea way. The classes were added to the revolt and the French Revolution starts with the year 1879. Year 1892 was proclaimed a republic. A year later guillotine of Louis XVI and his family, accused of treason to the crown. From this moment began a military campaign across Europe, led by Napoleon. Jacques-Louis David of the revolutionary period the painter par excellence. His painting leaves the excesses of Baroque and Rococo, to become much more rational and embodies the principles of the Revolution literalistes
Romantic cultural and artistic movement that affects half of the twentieth century such as in art literature and music, but also an attitude to life. Ideologically can match literalistes and nationalist principles of the French Revolution. We can tie it with Rosseau’s theories linked to personal freedom. The most significant are the defense of liberty (individual and collective) feelings of extreme excitement, with an intention to contrast with the rationalism of neoclassicism. Has a special interest in landscapes, lexotisme devadir to be of reality and a Western interest in lush nature, being a reflection of state artist ‘s mood. Romantic humans are dissatisfied, took refuge in this space to escape their reality, leaving itself and dragging it recreates the passions hearted when darkest best.
Realism is an artistic movement within the years 1848-1870 in which sinspira to recreate reality with the utmost fidelity. The realist painters and sculptors to seek an objective view of reality. Been taken into account that at this moment, when the industrial revolution was rooted throughout Europe, there is a social class formed by the workers but also for rural residents living in squalid living conditions and that there is much contrast between these and wealthy (middle class and nobility) We are in a Momena that liberal ideals and aspirations have been frustats after the latest wave of revolts of 1848. Stylistically we speak of an objective art, not idealized pictorial than employs all elements (light colors) to achieve this fidelity to reality. It had the most photographic.
Coubertin.: French painter who was said to lacademicisme contrary, in fact, he was not universal and it accptat exposure to an open pavilion with the name of realism. It was a political activist. His way of painting in the background was a vindication.