Imperialism and Greed in Heart of Darkness
The Myth of European Civilization in Africa
To answer this question, we must acknowledge that Europeans claimed their mission in Africa was to bring civilization and progress. However, as the novel develops, it becomes clear that their real motives were mainly economic and selfish, and that their claims were insincere.
Imperialism as Violence
To begin with, Marlow questions imperialism from the start. He describes conquest as “robbery with violence… aggravated murder on a great scale” (p. 7–8). This suggests that imperialism was not a noble endeavor, but one based on violence and exploitation.
The Obsession with Ivory
Another primary motive was economic profit, specifically the trade of ivory. The Company was obsessed with it. As Marlow notes:
“The word ‘ivory’ rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it” (p. 36).
The repetition of the word “ivory” is significant; it dominates their thoughts like a religious chant, revealing that their true motivation was greed rather than morality.
The Illusion of Moral Superiority
Europeans attempted to present themselves as morally superior, yet their actions contradicted this. Marlow observes African workers who are sick, starving, and abandoned:
“They were not enemies, they were not criminals, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation” (p. 20).
The repetition of “not” emphasizes their innocence and highlights the shocking nature of their suffering.
Kurtz: The Symbol of Imperialist Corruption
Most importantly, the character of Kurtz clarifies these themes:
- Initial Idealism: Kurtz represents the intelligent and ambitious European agent.
- Corruption: As he gains power, he becomes completely corrupted.
- The Hidden Brutality: His report concludes with the line: “luminous and terrifying, like a flash of lightning in a serene sky: ‘Exterminate all the brutes!’” (p. 82).
The contrast between “luminous” and “terrifying” exposes the hidden brutality behind the facade of civilization. Kurtz serves as a symbol of imperialism itself, demonstrating that when removed from societal constraints, the inner darkness of the colonizer takes over.
The Final Realization
At the end of the novel, Kurtz realizes the truth. Marlow describes his final words: “He cried in a whisper… ‘The horror! The horror!’” (p. 115). The repetition of “horror” reflects his realization of the moral emptiness of imperialism and the consequences of his actions.
Conclusion
In summary, the motives of the Europeans in the novel were driven by economic gain and power. These motives led to widespread exploitation and suffering, proving that the pretense of bringing civilization was merely a cover for destructive greed.