Human Sociability and the Concept of State: An Analysis
1. Origin of Human Sociability
a) Sociability and Self-Interest
Thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and Sigmund Freud argue that humans are not inherently social. They believe we live in society primarily out of self-interest, not because we are naturally inclined to do so. According to this view, our primary motivation is survival, and we perceive others as potential rivals in fulfilling our desires.
b) Sociability and Nature
Conversely, philosophers such as Aristotle and Erich Fromm propose that humans are inherently incomplete and require others to thrive. They believe that life in society allows individuals to develop their abilities and achieve fulfillment. Living in a community is thus seen as essential for human development, enabling us to reach our full potential.
2. The Concept of State
Niccolò Machiavelli was among the first to use the term “State” to refer to the sovereign power over a territory. This power is exercised through various administrations and holds a monopoly on the use of force and violence.
- Territorial Power: The State’s power extends to its entire territory, defined by its borders. Anyone within this territory is subject to its rule.
- Sovereignty: The State is the highest authority within its territory. No entity is superior to it. Other associations are subordinate to the State and must operate within its authorized limits. Violations can result in sanctions or dissolution.
- Maintaining Order: The State is responsible for protecting its members from internal and external threats. Internally, it enforces laws to prevent conflicts and ensure social stability. Externally, it protects citizens from foreign attacks through international relations and diplomacy.
2.1 The Necessity of the State
The State is Not Necessary: Anarchism
Mikhail Bakunin and other anarchists argue that the State is a tool used by the powerful to oppress the people, allowing a few to control the wealth of all. They believe the State perpetuates injustices, provoking wars, hunger, and abuse to maintain the privileges of the ruling class. Anarchism is founded on the belief that humans are inherently good.
The State is Necessary
This view is held by the majority of thinkers.
- Monopoly of Force: The State’s legitimate use of force is necessary to control violence and maintain social stability. It is seen as the only entity capable of preventing conflicts that threaten society.
- Promoting the Common Good: The State is essential for promoting public well-being. Constructing public infrastructure, providing common defense, organizing public health systems, and extending education are objectives that necessitate the existence of the State.
Among the theories defending the necessity of the State are the “social contract theories” of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These theories explain the origin of society and the State, justifying its existence as a result of an agreement or contract among free and equal individuals. This contract establishes a government that organizes coexistence and guarantees peace.