Human Sensory and Nervous Systems: Anatomy and Physiology
Repectores sensory 1. The taste:
the taste receptor cells are housed in the taste buds of the tongue.
Papillae: filiform:
Punteagudo are so distinguished in any language. Mushroom:
mushroom and is in the tip and sides.
Califorme:
its shape resembles in calyx, is pispone V-shaped and is located at the top of the tongue.
Olfaction:
the sense of smell is in the nose, there is q and chemoreceptors.
Functions:
perception olores.El man is able to discriminate between 2 and 4 thousand odors.
Structure: pituitary membranes:
mucous membrane of the nostrils.
villi aimed at stopping large objects tamaño.Siguiendo x the nasal mucosa.
ossicles of the nose is a bone of the face, few in number two, short and compact form cuadrelatera, with 2 sides (previous amount and posterity.)
nasal septum is part of the structure of the human nose.
Olfaction mechanism:
for q odorous substance can produce the sensation of smell should be able to volatilize and dissolve in the olfactory mucosa.’s skin is the largest organ of the human or animal mind is approximately 2 m2.
Functions:
protective, is responsible for receiving external stimuli THROUGH nerve terminals.
Layers: epidermis:
floor is where the relationship with the environment (hairs), gas exchange.
Dermis:
protective, represents the second line of defense against injuries.
Structure: hair:
pores of the dermis.
Nails:
layers intermediate cell of the epidermis.
Glands: sweat and sebaceous. Sweat:
sulor produce.
Ebac s:
q produce fatty substances allow lubrication of the skin and hair.
Repectores sensory 2:
The view (eye):
eyes or organs of sight enables us to see q world around us.
Function:
get stimuli of light rays procedenets the environment and transform them into nerve impulses.
External structure: eyeball:
is divided into 3 layers are q, the outer layer of the uvea and small vessels or choriocapillaris.
eyebrows with hair is the part located approximately 2cm above the eye.
Tabs:
noc.
Orbicula r:
is a muscle of his face, beneath the skin.
Internal structure: the lacrimal sac:
it is the upper dilated nasolacrimal duct, and oloja into a deep groove formed x the lacrimal bone and frontal process of mazilar superior.Membranas: Sclera: outer layer the eyeball, hard consistency and white color.
retina is a light sensitive tissue located on the inner surface of the eye.
iris is the colored circular membrane of the eye q is separated from the anterior chamber of the back.
Choroid
Middle layer of the eyeball, which is heavily pigmented in black, with lots of blood vessels.
Cornea:
Transparent q membranous layer forms the front of the eyeball.
the ear, the organs conform ance and hearing. Function: double Function: capture q stimuli and the ance reports on changes in body position.
STRUCTURE of the ear, external ear: ear pavilion:
a sheet is formed x x cartilagenosa covered with thick skin.
Canal:
it is rooted in the temporal bone.
Middle ear ossicles:
form a chain in the cavity timpatica.
Hammer:
This attached to the inner portion of the membrane timpatica and head articulates with the incus.
Anvil:
a bone that belongs to the ossicles ear.
Timpano:
membrane that is at the end of the ear canal.
Inner ear: semicircular canals:
q organ of the inner ear with the saccule and utricle be determined in the dynamic equilibrium of the human body.
Membranous labyrinth:
is a system of communicating sacs and ducts epithelial filled with a liquid (brain)
.
Bony labyrinth:
a cavity or a tube filled with a liquid (perilymph).
Saccule:
lower chamber of the 2 q form the membranous vestibule of inner ear.
endocrine system produces and releases hormones according to the needs of the body, these substances are capable of desancadenar effects in other tissues.
glandular organ whose functions are to produce and release substances capable of determiandas functions.
hormones are chemicals produced x tissue or organ q regulate, activate, inhibit or exitan.Son normally released into the blood in small quantities.
Exocrine hormones:
q ducts have allowed release or secrete their products in internal or external surface of our body.
Salivary
They produce and release saliva.
Sweat:
the sweat produced in the skin.
BREAST can produce milk.
Stomachs:
releases substances cm hydrochloric acid.
Liver:
produces bile q releases the intestine.
Endocrine pituitary:
With its 3 lobes: anterior, intermediate and later.
hypothalamus is a gland that is part of the diencephalon, and is situated below the thalamus.
Thyroid or thyroid:
regulate metabolism.
Parathyroid located in the neck, usually located at the poles of the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone or parathormone
nervous system is a network of specialized tissues in the relationship and control functions of the other devices.
Neuron:
are a type of nervous system cells whose main characteristic is its plasma membrane excitability, are specialized for the reception of stimuli and nerve impulse conduction.
Parts of a neuron: Soma or cell body:
it corresponds to the most voluminous of the neuron.
Here you can see a spherical structure called the nucleus. It contains information that directs the activity of the neuron. In addition, the soma is the cytoplasm. It is located other structures that are important to the functioning of the neuron.Dendrites: These are short extensions that originate from the neural soma. Its function is to receive impulses from other neurons and send them to the soma of the neuron.
Axon:
is a single long extension. In some cases, can measure up to one meter in length. Its function is to take the momentum from the neuronal soma and driving to another place in the system.
Glia:
Nerve tissue that forms the bodies nervous system, which consists of the nerve cell bodies and their processes, and the neuroglia.
Types of glia:
Astrocytes:
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial subtype in the central nervous system (collectively, the astrocytes are called astroglia).
Microglia:
microglia are small cells with elongated nucleus with short, irregular extensions have phagocytic ability.
Schwann cell:
Schwann cells are peripheral glial cells originate in the embryonic neural crest and accompany the neuron during its growth and development.
Oligodendrocytes:
Oligodendrocytes are smaller cells that astrocytes and few extensions .
Types of neurons:
In your STRUCTURE:
unipolar, bipolar, seudonipolares, Snakes.
According to their function:
afferent or sensory or efferent motor interneurons.
Nerve impulse:
a wave of electrical nature that runs throughout the neuron and which originates as following a transient change in the plasma membrane permeability.
Propagation of nerve impulse:
The membrane depolarization occurs at a point that the outside at this point to be made negatively charged sodium positive charges in the cell.
Synapses:
A Once the nerve impulse reaches the end zone of the axon, is transmitted to another neuron or effector organ by means of a functional contact called synapses.
Electrical synapse:
a synapse in which the transmission between the first neuron and the second is not produced by the secretion of a neurotransmitter, such as chemical synapses, but by the passage of ions from one cell to another.
Chemical synapse:
Neurons are separated by a space of 20 nm app.Utiliza neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that connect one neuron to another, allowing neuronal drive the message.
Neuromuscular junction:
the junction between the axon of one neuron (of a motor nerve) and an effector, which in this case is a muscle fiber.
central nervous system is covered and protected nerve tissue, bone x structures.
Is formed x:
Encephalopathy:
central nervous system des region contained in the skull.
brain greater and more elevated section of the divided x escefalo a central groove 2 hemisferios.El left and right functions: you control and sensory activities toas motorasdel organismos.2) responsible for reasoning.
Cerebellum:
portion of the brain at higher cranial fossa x behind the tronko encephalique functions: maintaining muscle tone and posture corporal.2) controls the execution of coordinated movement, running, walking, escribir.3) processes the info porveniente the inner ear.
Rakideo bulb:
the brainstem STRUCTURE , q has direct contact with the spinal cord.
Brain stem:
enables communication between the spinal cord, brain and cerebellum.
Spinal cord:
structure long, cylindrical q lodges in the spinal canal and extends from the foramen magnum to the upper region lumbar.Funcion: graxias conductive to the existence of the spinal tracts.
STRUCTURE outside the brain:
fissures, lobes, and corpus callosum hemiferios.
STRUCTURE internal brain:
thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, subcortical white matter and nuclei .
Peripheral nervous system:
x consists afferent nerve fibers and efferent nerve fibers, q are the reliable communication pathways between the central nervous system and effector organs.
Autonomic nervous system:
the human being, if endowed with will bn has no control most of the functions q conducts its organs ie can not control the blood flow will function: vital functions of our body.
Sympathetic nervous system:
the division of “autonomic preganglionic neurons formed x q leave the porciones.Toracica, and lumbar spinal cord functions: q dilates the pupil for more light to enter ojo.2) increases alertness ornagismo.3) increases blood flow to the lungs and musculos.4) caridaca rate increases and blood pressure.
System “parasympathetic:
x nueronas preganglionic consists whose bodies were found in the medulla and escefalo function: it stimulates basic functions cm vegetative life of the organism cm digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate.
Cranial nerves:
are 12 pairs of nerves arise from q encefalo.Hai different areas of the cranial nerves, sensory, motor (with some mixed afferent)
sensory are formed only x afferent nerve fibers and are responsible for lleba information from the ear, taste, sight and smell.
Engines:
efferent nerve fibers formed x and produce motor information from the brain to the muscles of the face, mouth, tongue, eyes.
Mixed:
they are a union of afferent and efferent x sessitiva therefore lead and motor information.
Spinal nerves:
are 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord, are mixed.
Somatic nervous system:
this consists x all structures shall notably allow q between the body and the external environment.