Human Development: A Comprehensive Guide from Conception to Adulthood
Human Development Guide
1.-What is human development and has evolved its study
R = Human development is the scientific study of the processes of change and stability throughout the human life cycle and has evolved since the early nineteenth century, efforts to understand the development of children have gradually expanded to include the entire life cycle.
2.-What are the 4 goals of human development
R = As the field of human development became a scientific discipline, its goals evolved to include Description, Explanation, Prediction and Behavior Modification. These four goals operate together, as we noted in considering the development of language.
3.-What kind of influences make a person different from others
People differ in sex, height, weight and body structure; in constitutional factors such as health and energy level, but some influences on development are mainly to inheritance, others come from internal and external environment, in the characteristics personality, lifestyle, maturation of the body.
4. What are the 6 principles of human development approach?
1.The developing lifelong
2.The development involves gains and losses
3.The influences from biology and culture change throughout the life cycle.
4.The development involves changing distribution of resources
5.The development is modifying
6.The development is influenced by historical and cultural context
5. What is the physical, cognitive and psychosocial?
Physical Development: the growth of the body and brain change or stability in sensory capacities, motor skills and health.
Cognitive Development: change or stability in mental abilities, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning and creativity.
Psychosocial Development: Change and stability in personality, emotions and social relationships.
6. What are the qualitative and quantitative changes?
Quantitative: Change in number or quantity, such as height, weight or size vocabulario.Cualitativo: Change in class structure or organization, as the change to non-verbal communication to verbal communication.
7-What is the heritage, environment and maturity?
Innate characteristics and traits inherited from parents rearing biological and environmental influences wing before and after birth influences of family including peers, schools, neighborhoods and culture society.
8-What are the main contextual influences?
The development contextual perspective can only be understood in its social context. The contextualitas consider the individual not as a separate entity that interacts with the environment, but as an inseparable part of the same
9-What are the 5 theoretical perspectives on human development
5 major theoretical perspectives 1) psychoanalytic (which focuses on the emotions and unconscious functions), 2) learning (which studies the observable behavior), 3) cognitive (which analyzes the thought processes), 4) evolutionary / biological partner (which considers the evolutionary function and biological behavior), 5) contextual (which emphasizes the impact of historical, social and cultural development.
10.-in which is the psychoanalytical perspective?
The psychoanalytic perspective, consider that development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior, its founder Sigmund Freud.
11.-What is psychosexual development?
In Freudian theory, an invariant sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.
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14 .- Explain when it occurs, usually fertilization: Fertilization occurs when the gametes or sex cells of a man and woman combine to create a single cell zygote to which call. This is defined when the sperm penetrate the vagina and try to swim through the cervix or neck of the uterus into the fallopian tubes, although there are few who make it that far. This fertilization normally occurs in the short time in which an egg passes through the fallopian tube.
14 .-
Distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins:
When the mother’s body releases two eggs in a short time and then both are fertilized, the resulting babies are fraternal twins, ie, two eggs, usually referred to as fraternal twins. Here Gemla created by different sperm cells from different eggs are no more similar in composition inherited any pair of siblings and can be same sex or different sexes.
When a single fertilized egg splits into two, the babies that result from this cell division are identical twins, ie a single egg, commonly called identical twins. This kind of twins have inherited the same structure and same sex, but differ in some respects due in part to differences in prenatal and postnatal experience, therefore, may not be identical in temperament.
15.-What are the three stages of prenatal development and what happens in each (mitosis, blastocyst hembrionario disk, trophoblast and define each stage):
The first stage is the germ that extends from fertilization to two weeks, this week the zygote divides and implants into the uterine wall. The first 36 hours after fertilization, the zygote enters a cell doubling time, or mitosis. 72 hours after fertilization has been divided from 16 to 32 cells: a day after you have 64 cells. This division continues until the original single cell has been developed in 800mil million or more specialized cells that make up the human body. As the egg is split down the fallopian tube toward the uterus, a journey of 3 or 4 days. Its shape changes to a liquid-filled sphere, a blastocyst, which floats freely in the uterus for 1 or 2 days and then begins to implant in the uterine wall. The blastocyst participates in this process through a complex signaling system regulated by hormones, some célualas around the edge of the blastocyst are grouped to one side to form the embryonic disc, a thickened cell mass from which it begins to develop the embryo. This mass is already in two layers. The top layer, the ectoderm, which becomes the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensiorales organs and nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. The bottom layer, the endoderm, is one that will become the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands and respiratory system.Later, an intermediate layer, the mesoderm, is that develop and differentiate in the inner layer of the skin, muscles, skeleton, excretory and circulatory systems. Other parts of the blastocyst begin to become bodies nourish and protect the unborn child: the placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic sac with its outer membrane, the chorion. The placenta carries oxygen and nutrients to the baby in desarrolloy removes waste from the body. It also helps fight internal infections and provide the unborn child immunity against disease. It produces hormones that maintain pregnancy, prepares the mother’s breast for nursing and eventually stimulates uterine contractions that expel the baby from the mother’s body. The umbilical cord which allows the placenta to carry out their tasks for the unborn. The amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the developing baby protecting him and giving him room to move. The trophoblast is the outer cell layer of the blastocyst produces tiny thread-like structures that penetrate the lining of the uterine wall and allow the developing organism to cling there until this fully implanted in the uterine lining.
Embryonic stage, comprised of 2 to 8 weeks, during this stage, rapidly developing major organs and body systems: respiratory, digestive and nervous. This is an important period in which the embryo is most vulnerable to destructive influences and are more likely to be affected at the time of exposure.
Fetal stage comprises of 8 weeks after birth, during this period the fetus is growing rapidly, until about twenty times its previous length, and body systems become more complex. Right up until the moment of birth develop the final touches. Fetuses breathe, kick, spin, felxionan the body, make turns, squints his eyes, swallowed, closed his fist, have hiccups and sucks his thumb. Scientists can observe fetal movement by ultrasound waves, high frequency sound that outline the fetus. Other tools can monitor the heart rate, changes in activity level, the states of sleep or wakefulness, and cardiac reactivity. Male fetuses, regardless of size are more active and tend to move more vigorously qeu female fetuses during pregnancy. Towards the beginning of the twelfth week of gestation the fetus swallows and inhales from amniotic fluid in which it floats. Amniotic fluid contains substances provinentes the bloodstream of the fetus. Some of these substances stimulate the senses of taste and smell and can contribute to the development of the necessary organs for breathing and pregnancy. Mature taste cells appear around the 14th week of gestation. The olfactory system is also developed before birth.
16 .- State the four stages of Piaget Cognitive development eg sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations. Age and holds true for the infant?
Sensorimotor (birth to age 2).
The child gradually becomes able to organize activities related to the environment through sensory and motor activity.
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
The child can solve a system of representations and uses symbols to represent people, places and events. The language and imaginative play are important manifestations of this phase. The thought still is not logical.
Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
The child may resolve what-logical way if you focus on the here and now, but you can think abstractly.
Formal Operations (11 years maturity)
The person can think abstractly, to handle scenarios and possibility thinking.
17 .- Explain why is the sperm that determines the sex of the baby
The sex chromosomes are X chromosomes and Y chromosomes The sex chromosome in all egg is an X chromosome, but sperm can contain one X chromosome and one Y The Y chromosome contains the gene for maleness, called SRY. When an egg (X) is fertilized by a sperm carrying an X, the XX zygote is formed, a woman. When an egg (X) is fertilized by a sperm carrying a Y, the resulting zygote is XY, a boy.
18 .- What environmental influences may affect prenatal development
An influence is extremely careless what happens in the womb.
19 .- TECHNIQUES THAT CAN MEASURE HEALTH AND WELFARE OF A FETUS AND WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRENATAL CARE?
ultrasound and amniocentesis are used to measure fetal growth, detect multiple pregnancies, fetal abnormalities detected assess whether the fetus is dead, and so on.
sonoembriologia used to the earlier detection of unusual defects during the embryonic stage.
Another is the chorionic villus sampling, which examines the tissue from the ends of the hair, detects defects and congenital disorders.
The Embrioscopia; involves inserting a visualization tool in the abdomen giving a clear vision to the fetus from the sixth week.
Prenatal Care. Is essential for healthy development helps for the detection of defects and treatable diseases.
can prevent death of the baby or the mother and other birth complications.
20.-what the role of heredity and environment on physical health, intelligence, and personality?
obesity, longevity, intelligence and temperament are influenced by heredity and environment.
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by lapredida of touch with reality and alucinaziones and symptoms such as delusions, has a strong genetic component.
Autism, is a severe disorder of brain function characterized by the lack of normal social interaction, impaired copmunicacion and imagination and a restricted range of activities and interests.
21.-What is a zygote?
is a unicellular organism resulting from the fertilization.
22 .- which is Down syndrome and presented.
Is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 (or part thereof), instead of the usual two (trisomy 21), characterized by the presence of a variable degree of mental retardation and some features physical features which give it a recognizable look.
23 .- Mention 3 forms that can occur in chromosomal disorders and mentions 3 examples: Klinefelter syndrome, Turner and Down.
If the number of chromosomes is less than two speak of monosomy and if greater, a trisomy or polysomies.
The loss of a pieceknown as chromosome deletion.
The inversion occurs when a piece of chromosome is detached and becomes a hit, but inverted. A fragment of a chromosome is changed to another is called translocation.
24 .- can do fetuses in utero:
They move constantly, reacting to pain, cold touch, sound and light wing
It feeds, amniotic fluid and sucks his thumb. He sleeps and wakes up
26. What are some common health problems in adolescence and how they can come?
The lack of fitness, the need for sleep, eating disorders, drug abuse, depression, car accidents, the use of firearms and suicide.
Can be prevented within the family, education, values and culture you instil within the home.
27. What is the development life cycle?
Concept of development as a process that lasts a lifetime, which can be studied scientifically.
28. What is prejudice?
Unfavorable attitude toward members of groups other than their own, in particular racial or ethnic groups.
29 What is maturity?
Develop to the fullness or full time.
Initially all it is possible neural logic neural activity. It is this activity which will then generate a sensorimotor organization of behavior.
* What is inheritance?
It’s all mental and physical characteristics that are passed from parents to children.
* What is environment?
Environment means the environment and special conditions affecting the life circumstances of individuals or society <http://es.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/Persona> <http://es.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/ Society> in your life. Includes the range of natural, social and cultural norms in a given place and time, affecting the lives of human beings and future generations.
30 What is Dyslexia?
Developmental disorder in which the reading is substance use is lower than predicted by the CL or age.
It’s called dyslexia to <http://es.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/Lectura> reading disorder that disables its proper conduct. Although the term is conventionally applied also to the difficulty of writing correct <http://es.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/Escritura>.
31 What matters is the time in language acquisition?
Very important because time has a great connection with language
32. – .-
Gender identity consciousness developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
Identity .-
according to Ericsson, is a coherent conception of self, formed by the meter, values and beliefs with which a person is solidly committed.
35.-psychology is the application of principles .- Darwinian natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior.
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37.-factors .- Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative development
38 .-
– a total culture life of a society or group, including custom, traditions, beliefs, values, language and physical goods, all learned behavior passed from parents to children.
38.-What are the six principles of the development life cycle Beatles?
1 .- The lifelong development
2 .- The development involves gains and losses
3 .- influences coming from the biology and culture change alo life-cycle
4 .- The development involves a changing distribution of resources
5.-development is hard-coded
6 .- development is influenced by historical and cultural context
39.-which is the tube?
Predictable stresses the role of environment in the production of observable behavior
40 .- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Combined motor and mental abnormalities that affect development gap women sons who drink heavily during pregnancy
41.-What light casts the case of Abel Dorris on the role of prenatal environment on child development:
The prenatal stage that his mother had during her pregnancy I adopt the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), set of abnormalities displayed by children whose mothers drank during pregnancy, and a major cause of mental retardation. His mother had been an inveterate alcoholic, had been almost 7 weeks premature, had a low birthweight, the child did not reach the standard size or weight that was required for that age, because its growth within the placenta was useless, their skills were very poor since it captured the whole and often spoke with difficulty. So that was implemented include a combination of slow prenatal and postnatal growth, body and facial malformations, and central nervous system disorders. These central nervous system problems can include children in a poor sucking response, abnormalities in brain waves and sleep disturbances, and throughout childhood, slow processing of information, short attention span, restlessness, irritability hyperactivity, bud training problems, delayed growth and motor impairments.
42 .- How can you tell if a newborn baby is healthy and develop normally?
The first few minutes, days, weeks, months after birth are crucial for development.
Most babies are assessed with the Apgar scale is one minute after birth and then again at the ank minutes after birth. After using the grading scale neonotal compartment. (EVCN) is used to evaluate the response of nenonatos before his physical and social environment, identify problems in neurological function and predicting future development. After neonatal tests are performed to detect rare conditions such as (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism.
43 .- Can you think how their parents or other adults helped him develop self-esteem?
The parents in the early months and years have a major influenza in which children relate to other children in the home and outside it is also important from the quantity and quality child care for their newborn babies as the type care and stability of specific issues affecting their development. They may also show more confidence, security, adaptability and physical coordination. So their feelings are valued and their ranges are mental and spiritual body safely, since in this way their self-esteem is higher.
44 .- What is a meta cognition?
It is the goal that babies develop memory. This goal has three stages, the behavioral approach, psychometric piagetano. Which three aspects are interested in changing test their abilities to perform any test, as well as changes observed mainly in the ability of the newborn to learn what they see, hear, smell, taste, touch. In his mind how structured activities and their adaptation to the environment, with its ability to remember things.