historis
impact of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America and its Constitution (1787) defended the inalienable rights of the citizen, the separation of powers, principles of equality and freedom and the right to elect a government. These ideals coincided with the Enlightenment ideals that were spreading through France and were adopted by the cultural elites and the new bourgeoisie. Gave the bourgeoisie new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified estate system of society. They proposed new forms of social organisation and government. All of this led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France in 1789. The social and economic crisis. In the late 18th century, the Third Estate (composed of the bourgeoisie, peasants and artisans) aspired to profound social reforms. The peasants (80% of the population) were opposed to the heavy taxes and rents imposed on them by the feudal lords. The bourgeoisie wanted to end the privileges enjoyed by the nobility and clergy. They also wanted freedom of trade and to participate in political life. The economic crisis, which was the result of a series of poor harvests since 1760. The financial crisis, caused by the monarchy’s lack of money. To resolve this problem, Louis XVI’s ministers proposed that the privileged begin to pay taxes.A revolution breaks out. Versailles in May 1789. The meeting was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of the nobility, clergy and the Third Estate. However, the Third Estate representatives decided to leave the meeting when the privileged classes refused to allow them greater representation and insisted on one vote per estate rather than one per representative. Third Estate met in a pavilion in Versailles (Jeu de Paume) and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly. The people of Paris supported the Assembly’s proposals and, on July 14, they stormed the Bastille. Phases of the Revolution.Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792). This was driven by the moderate bourgeoisie, who aspired to abolish the Ancien Régime, elect a parliament by selective suffrage and establish a constitution. Social Republic (1792-1794). The radical bourgeoisie, encouraged by the working classes, proclaimed the Republic and began a transformation into a democratic and equal society with universal male suffrage and social laws. Conservative Republic (1794-1799). Despite the radicalisation of the French Revolution, the moderate bourgeoisie took power and implemented a new moderate liberalism.
The driving force of women in the Revolution On 5 October 1789, women in Paris, equipped with weapons and tools, marched to Versailles where the royal family lived. They protested against the shortage of bread and demanded the king sign the decree abolishing manorialism. OLYMPE DE GOUGES was born into a pretty bourgeoisie family and received an en lightened education. She was a playwright and also wrote many articles in defendence of women’s political and civil rights. With the outbreak of teh revolution, she sided with teh revolutionaries, but was outraged to find that the 1791 Constitution did not give women the right to vote. Women’s clubs. Women also founded their own clubs, which got their names from the political organisations that were created by the different revolutionary groups. At the meetings, the Assembly decrees were read and discussed. Criticisms and proposals were presented and funds were collected for fellow patriots in need. The leading role of women was not accepted by many revolutionaries and, in 1793, the National Convention banned women’s clubs.
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in Corsica to a modest noble family. He began his military career at a young age and had military successes in the military campaigns of the Directory.
Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792) In the first phase of the Revolution, the moderate bourgeoisie tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privileged classes to make France a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy. To do this, the National Constituent Assembly: Abolished feudalism and approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which recognised the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation (August 1789). Drew up a constitution (1791) based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto. Census suffrage was also introduced, giving the vote to people with a certain level of wealth. Once the Constitution was approved, a Legislative Assembly was formed. This drafted new laws to implement liberalism, forced the nobility to pay taxes and abolished the guilds. A new army, the National Guard, was also created to defend the Revolution. Finally, in order to solve the financial crisis, Church property was expropriated (confiscated) and sold. In return, the state promised to fund the practice of Catholicism. A Civil Constitution of the Clergy separated the Church and the state. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791, but the royal family and the privileged classes did not accept the changes and asked absolute monarchies in Europe to help restore absolutism.THE WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY The rights of man have been ignored for centuries and our declaration has restored them for all mankind. The nation could not enact laws or taxes and has restored this right. The old social privileges have been destroyed and manorial rights have disappeared. You, the French, have been elevated to the rank of citizens. You can perform all jobs and are equal before the law. You are free to think, speak and write. Social Republic (1792-1794) Political groups in the Revolution. The betrayal by the king and the military invasion led to the revolt by the common people (sans-culottes). On 10 August 1792, they stormed the Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. A republic was declared and the second phase of the Revolution began. The Girondin Convention (1792-1793)
The Girondins, the more moderate bourgeoisie, controlled the Republic. A new assembly, the National Convention, was elected by universal male suffrage. Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were convicted of treason and executed (1793). In response to the king’s death, monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against France. Inside the country, counter-revolutionary revolts broke out and the former privileged classes organised royalist plots. Jacobin Convention (1793-1794) In June 1793, the Jacobins, the most radical sector of the bourgeoisie, endorsed the demands of the popular sectors and seized power. The Revolution had now entered its most extreme phase. A new constitution that recognised popular sovereignty (universal male suffrage) and the right to social equality was enacted. The executive was led by a Committee of Public Safety, which gave power to the Jacobin leader Robespierre.
impact of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America and its Constitution (1787) defended the inalienable rights of the citizen, the separation of powers, principles of equality and freedom and the right to elect a government. These ideals coincided with the Enlightenment ideals that were spreading through France and were adopted by the cultural elites and the new bourgeoisie. Gave the bourgeoisie new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified estate system of society. They proposed new forms of social organisation and government. All of this led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France in 1789. The social and economic crisis. In the late 18th century, the Third Estate (composed of the bourgeoisie, peasants and artisans) aspired to profound social reforms. The peasants (80% of the population) were opposed to the heavy taxes and rents imposed on them by the feudal lords. The bourgeoisie wanted to end the privileges enjoyed by the nobility and clergy. They also wanted freedom of trade and to participate in political life. The economic crisis, which was the result of a series of poor harvests since 1760. The financial crisis, caused by the monarchy’s lack of money. To resolve this problem, Louis XVI’s ministers proposed that the privileged begin to pay taxes.A revolution breaks out. Versailles in May 1789. The meeting was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of the nobility, clergy and the Third Estate. However, the Third Estate representatives decided to leave the meeting when the privileged classes refused to allow them greater representation and insisted on one vote per estate rather than one per representative. Third Estate met in a pavilion in Versailles (Jeu de Paume) and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly. The people of Paris supported the Assembly’s proposals and, on July 14, they stormed the Bastille. Phases of the Revolution.Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792). This was driven by the moderate bourgeoisie, who aspired to abolish the Ancien Régime, elect a parliament by selective suffrage and establish a constitution. Social Republic (1792-1794). The radical bourgeoisie, encouraged by the working classes, proclaimed the Republic and began a transformation into a democratic and equal society with universal male suffrage and social laws. Conservative Republic (1794-1799). Despite the radicalisation of the French Revolution, the moderate bourgeoisie took power and implemented a new moderate liberalism.
The driving force of women in the Revolution On 5 October 1789, women in Paris, equipped with weapons and tools, marched to Versailles where the royal family lived. They protested against the shortage of bread and demanded the king sign the decree abolishing manorialism. OLYMPE DE GOUGES was born into a pretty bourgeoisie family and received an en lightened education. She was a playwright and also wrote many articles in defendence of women’s political and civil rights. With the outbreak of teh revolution, she sided with teh revolutionaries, but was outraged to find that the 1791 Constitution did not give women the right to vote. Women’s clubs. Women also founded their own clubs, which got their names from the political organisations that were created by the different revolutionary groups. At the meetings, the Assembly decrees were read and discussed. Criticisms and proposals were presented and funds were collected for fellow patriots in need. The leading role of women was not accepted by many revolutionaries and, in 1793, the National Convention banned women’s clubs.
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in Corsica to a modest noble family. He began his military career at a young age and had military successes in the military campaigns of the Directory.
Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792) In the first phase of the Revolution, the moderate bourgeoisie tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privileged classes to make France a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy. To do this, the National Constituent Assembly: Abolished feudalism and approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which recognised the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation (August 1789). Drew up a constitution (1791) based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto. Census suffrage was also introduced, giving the vote to people with a certain level of wealth. Once the Constitution was approved, a Legislative Assembly was formed. This drafted new laws to implement liberalism, forced the nobility to pay taxes and abolished the guilds. A new army, the National Guard, was also created to defend the Revolution. Finally, in order to solve the financial crisis, Church property was expropriated (confiscated) and sold. In return, the state promised to fund the practice of Catholicism. A Civil Constitution of the Clergy separated the Church and the state. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791, but the royal family and the privileged classes did not accept the changes and asked absolute monarchies in Europe to help restore absolutism.THE WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY The rights of man have been ignored for centuries and our declaration has restored them for all mankind. The nation could not enact laws or taxes and has restored this right. The old social privileges have been destroyed and manorial rights have disappeared. You, the French, have been elevated to the rank of citizens. You can perform all jobs and are equal before the law. You are free to think, speak and write. Social Republic (1792-1794) Political groups in the Revolution. The betrayal by the king and the military invasion led to the revolt by the common people (sans-culottes). On 10 August 1792, they stormed the Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. A republic was declared and the second phase of the Revolution began. The Girondin Convention (1792-1793)
The Girondins, the more moderate bourgeoisie, controlled the Republic. A new assembly, the National Convention, was elected by universal male suffrage. Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were convicted of treason and executed (1793). In response to the king’s death, monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against France. Inside the country, counter-revolutionary revolts broke out and the former privileged classes organised royalist plots. Jacobin Convention (1793-1794) In June 1793, the Jacobins, the most radical sector of the bourgeoisie, endorsed the demands of the popular sectors and seized power. The Revolution had now entered its most extreme phase. A new constitution that recognised popular sovereignty (universal male suffrage) and the right to social equality was enacted. The executive was led by a Committee of Public Safety, which gave power to the Jacobin leader Robespierre.