Health and Well-being: A Comprehensive Guide to Physical, Mental, Social, Emotional, and Spiritual Dimensions
UNIT 3 AOS1
HWB
Physical: Related to the functioning of the body and its capacity to perform daily actvites
Mental: The currnt state of WB rleating to a persons mind of brain and the ability to think and process info
Social: Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt to different social situatations
Emotional: Relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way
Spirtual:Relates to ideas,beleifs,values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings
H&W As A Resource
IndividuaL- Gain an education/employment. Sleep well and excerice
National- Health system savings, increased productivty, average incomes, longer healthier lives
Global- Reduces risk of transmission acrosses countries, promotes ustaibilty
Health Status Indicators
-life Expectance- the number of years of a life, on average, remaining to an indivuals at a particular age if death rates dont change
-Self Assessed Health Status- An indivuduals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general
-HALE
Biolgoical Factors- relate the structures of cells, tissues and systems of the body ( gentics, body weight, blood pressure, cholestrol levels, brith weight)
Socicocultural Factors- relates to peoples social and ccultual conditions in which pwoplw live and grow ( food insecuity, unemployment, SES, health care, steroytpes & norms)
Enviromental Factors- relate to the physical surroundings ( work place, houaingm climate change, infrastrucutr)
Factors Affecting HS&BOD
-Smoking- respitaoru conditions, lung, mouth and stomach cancer, increased risk of infection
-Alcohol- liver disease, road injuries
-High BMI- CVD, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and oesteoporosis
– Underconsumption of vegetables & fruit
– Underconsumption of dairy foods
UNIT 3 AOS2
Old Public Health-Old public health was introduced about the time of the 1900s when the primary cause of death in Australia was communicable diseases, so the focus was on changing the physical environment. This included a number of different things such as providing- safe water- sanitation
Biolmedical ,Model-it enables many common conditions illnesses and injuries to be quickly and effectively treated through medication and surgery. it relies on health professionals and technology which can be costly an expensive
New Public Health-The new public health approach refers to one that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour changed to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environment impact on health. Essentially there’s a lot more focus on education to help people understand the main reasons behind the main diseases that are prevalent in society.
Consists of 5 Principles AREAS: Addresses the broader determinants of health Acts to Reduce social inequality Empowers individuals and communities Acts to enable Access to healthcare Involves inter-Sectorial collaboration
Ottowa Charter-Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Strengthen Community Action Develop personal skills Reorient health service
· skin cancer is a preventable risk factor for a number of different diseases
· Australia has one of the highest rates of Melanoma cancers in the world.
· it affects vulnerable population groups disproportionately including males and those who work outdoors primarily due to the nature of their work.
Create supportive environments: SunSmart use software that indicates the need for shade in certain areas working towards creating a supportive physical environment. Strengthen Community Action: the programme works with schools directly to be able to make sure the school community has a hand in preventing skin cancer. Develop personal skills: colloquial health promotion messages such as slip slop slap developed by sun smart are intended to educate Australians. Reorient health services: the programme offers online learning modules for GPS for prevention and early detection of skin cancers in order to prevent its onset.
Peace: refers to the absence of conflict. This reduces the risk of premature death, injury and disability that commonly arises from conflict, and the absence of war enables people to work, attend school, spend time with loved ones.
Shelter: adequate shelter provides protection and a safe place for people to spend their time and pursue activities, such as study, that promote H&WB. It also shields people from extreme weather events and protects them from infectious disease.
Education: increases the ability of people to earn an income and improve their socioeconomic status, allowing them to afford resources required to obtain higher levels of H&WB.
Food: access to a reliable food supply promotes optimal functioning of the body systems, prevents malnutrition and allows people to have enough energy to lead productive lives free from illness. Adequate nutrition strengthens the immune system & prevents disease
Income: Allows people to purchase resources such as food, health care, education and shelter that promotes H&WB as well as reducing financial stress and anxiety. Higher individual incomes also mean higher tax revenue for the government to spend on improving public health, education systems, infrastructure, so people can experience a higher quality of life
A stable ecosystem: an ecosystem is a community that consists of all living and nonliving components of a particular area. A stable ecosystem means that all living things are having their needs met without causing detrimental effects to the natural environment
Sustainable resources: refers to whether current resources required for good H&WB are available for future generations also, so that they can to experience a good quality of life. It ensures that the basic resources can be regenerated at the same rate they were used up
Social justice: refers to equal rights and opportunities for all, regardless of sex, class, income, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation. It requires that everyone is treated fairly and has equal access to opportunities
Equity: relates to fairness and is about providing every person with the resources they need to lead a healthy life.
Physicalc-Efficient functioning of body systems Body weight Absence of illness or disease Fitness levels Energy levels Immune system function
Social-Effective communication Supportive & well-functioning family Productive relationship with others Network of friends Adapt to different social situations
Mental- Low levels stress & anxiety Positive self-esteem Problem solving ability Confidence Thought patterns
Emotional-Recognise and understand emotions High levels of resilience Manage emotions
Spirtual Sense of belonging Sense of purpose in life Peace & harmony Personal values and beliefs
Ottawa charter Ways to Evaluate an indigenous program;- is the programme culturally appropriate – does it consider the culture of indigenous people and reflected in the programme?- does the programme aim to educate indigenous people in an appropriate way?- Does it meet the needs of the community?- Has it had impacts on indigenous health? Aboriginal quit line This initiative is aimed at the prevention of smoking and caters specifically to indigenous Australians. It has people who know the language and the culture on the line, and they provide callers with specific plans that cater to their needs. Although it has the same number as a normal quit line individual can ask for specialist aboriginal advisors. Ways in which it reflects some BCSDR action areas are;- create supportive environment: the quit line is a supportive environment for people wanting to quit- strengthen Community Action: people from the community participate in the programme and work with health professionals- develop personal skills it provides information to callers on how to quit–
Nutritional Australia- provide menu assessments for organisations such as hospitals and schools= publish free recipes for nutrient dense dishes on their website- design promote and deliver activities for the national nutrition week- develop food selection models like the healthy eating pyramid to promote healthy eating Challenges to bringing about dietary change Well promoting healthy eating seems effective and great in theory it is actually rather difficult to bring about dietary change in Australian people.
Some of the challenges to bring about dietary change include;· lack of health literacy· levels of education· income· geographical location· time constraints- personal preference- cultural influences
UNIT 4 AOS1
– Access to safe water if contaminated water is consumed this then increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera malaria and typhoid leading to increased YLLs.
-Sanitation-No sewerage system increases the risk of waterborne diseases that can cause severe dehydration and diarrhoea increasing DALYs.
– Poverty– Lack of food increases malnutrition, leading to death from hunger, and increasing mortality rates. – Lack of water weakens the immune system functioning meaning they are more prone to infectious diseases increasing YLD’S.
– Inequality and discrimination– Racism – business is my refuse to serve people of different races this is my main these people cannot find food in proximity which can lead to a weakened immune system leading to malnutrition and deficiency diseases increasing morbidity rates healthcare might also be refused to such people increasing mortality from present preventable case causes.
– Global Marketing and Distribution this can make up for lost revenue in their country- people in low- and middle-income countries tend to have lower education levels meaning they are more likely to see the attractive side of the products being marketed without considering the consequences of consumption- many middle- and low-income countries often do not have strict laws or regulations such as labelling laws or taxes that make it easy to sell these products.
-Economic – (Trade, Economic Growth, Employment, innovation)capacity of current and future generations to earn an income eand the efficient use of resources to allow for economic growth overtime.
-Social ( Peace and Secuirty, Gender Equality, Safe water, Legal right)-anything to do with human rights and social resources such as access to education a healthcare system and political stability now and in the future.
-Environmental- (Waste removal, use of natural rescources, cliate change, biodiveristy) ensuring that the natural environment is used in a way that preserves these resources for use both now and into the future. human activities should use natural resources only at a rate that allows these resources to replenish for future generations.
Human Development-
the simplest way to go about human development is to break the definition down into its key components to consider whether a programme enables people to; – Develop to their full potential Lead productive and creative lives in accordance to their needs and interests- Expand their choices and enhance their capabilities- Access knowledge health in a decent standard of living- Participate in their community and decisions that affect their lives
HDI-
The human development index is a measure of the level of human development in a country. HDI takes into account various socioeconomic factors combining dimensions of a
long and healthy life( LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH)
knowledge (EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING, MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING
Decent standard of living (GNI)
Advantages
–it acknowledges an address is the broader socio-economic factors impacting human development.
-it is not one dimensional it combines dimensions of health education and living standards
-this single statistical measure from zero to one allows for distinct comparison between countries
Limitations
-the ratings between zero and one do not tell us anything about individual dimensions.
no survey data is collected for the HDI meaning people’s own feelings about their level of human development is not taken into account
lower income countries may not have reliable data for the indicators such as life expectancy at birth or many years of schooling due to not everything birth and death being recorded by the government so the HDI may be inaccurate
Climate Change-Global warming is caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. such activities emit a number of gases and chemicals including carbon dioxide and methane, that traps hate in the atmosphere. the warming of the earth melts ice glaciers causing rising sea levels. Rising sales levels have an effect on countries that are very close to sea level as thousands of communities become completely flooded and millions of homes workplaces and schools are destroyed impacting on multiple dimensions of health and wellbeing. Climate change also has an impact on weather patterns, and we see more extreme weather events such as tsunami’s typhoons floods and droughts. These extreme weather events have an impact on the vitality of the soil an land making it harder for crops to grow impacting on food security and income of farmers impacting on mental health and wellbeing as financial stress can occur.
– Mass Migration and Conflict-Due to political instability low- and middle-income countries are very prone to conflict including armed conflict such as wars which can stretch on for years and kill hundreds of thousands of people. conflict can cause significant injury and death from bombings and shrapnel which negatively impacts on physical health and wellbeing. conflict can also create mass migration as people attempt to escape their country due to the war that is going on as a result an increase in citizens may find it difficult to seek employment which can lead to more people living in poverty where individuals have lack of access to food and shelter – this can impact on spiritual health and wellbeing as individuals may not feel a sense of belonging in a temporary shelter.
– Increased world trade and tourism-increases in World Trade increases the ability for countries to import goods from other countries an export or sell their goods to other countries. Example Iran is a middle-income country that owns many sources of oil so can mine and sell it for an increased price to high income countries this allows Iran’s economy to grow so that their government can eventually develop a stronger healthcare and education systems to improve the populations health and wellbeing. Tourism – often individuals from high income countries will visit lower income countries for vacation. all of the money spent by foreigners while visiting is an injection of capital into the country’s economy. increase tourism results in an increase in income allowing locals to be able to afford food access healthcare by their children’s schoolbooks and send their children to school – impacting on a variety of dimensions of health and wellbeing.
– Digital Technology That Enable Increased Knowledge and Sharing– technology such as phones computers and televisions make sharing knowledge a lot easier in all types of countries, many people in low-income countries are not educated but the Internet enables these people to access knowledge about their health without having to attend school. the rise in technology has also led to things like online identity fraud identity theft which can negatively impact some people’s reputations if somebody does something publicly damaging on social media whilst claiming to be somebody else. Some online resources may not be accurate, it does not constitute a full education and could laid to miss diagnosis of illness and disease impacting on health and wellbeing.
UNIT 4 AOS2
Rationale- to build upon progress of the MDG’s- an emergence of new global challenges- progress in all areas was uneven
Objectives –end extreme poverty fight inequality and injustice, tackle climate change
1) “No Poverty”– eradiocate extreme poverty, implement social protection systems 2) “Zeron Hunger”- end all forms of malnutrition, ensure sustaniable food protection 3) “Good HWB”-Reduce maternal mortality, end epidemic of communicable disease and reduce non comunicable, ensure universal health coverage 4)”Quality Education”– Ensure adequate literacy andnumeracy skills, all children complete quality primary and secondary schooling 5) “Gender Equality”– End all forms of discrimination, eliminate harmful practices 6) “Clean Water and Sanitation”– imporve water quality, acheive universal access to water 13) ” Climate Action”– strengthen country resilience to adapt to climate change
1. addressing health emergencies– Building resilience in the event of outbreaks to keep the world safe from epidemics- ensuring that people who are affected have access to lifesaving services including health promotion and disease prevention.
2. promoting healthier populations- Links very closely with SDG 3 in looking at making all citizens in countries healthier.
3. achieving universal health coverage- aims to ensure that all countries have access to quality health services for all including those who are unable to pay or have close geographical access.
WORK OF WHO- Monitor HW & assess HW trends- Provide leadership and create partnerships to promote HW– Conduct research & provide HW information· Set norms and standards & promote/monitor their implementation- Develop policies to assist countries to take action to promote HW· Provide technical support & help build sustainable health systems
