Health and Well-being: A Comprehensive Guide
Health and Well-being: A Comprehensive Guide
The State of Health and Well-being
HWB—The state of a person’s PSEMS existence, is characterized by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable, and engaged.
Physical
Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks. -freedom from illness and disease, a strong immune system, and adequate energy levels.
Mental
The current state of well-being relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. -low levels of stress and anxiety and positive thought patterns & esteem.
Social
Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. -A supportive network of friends and family and effective communication with others.
Emotional
Relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. -high levels of resilience effectively experience, understand, respond to, and manage emotions.
Spiritual
Relates to ideas, beliefs, values, and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. -Sense of belonging and connection to the world; peace and harmony and positive meaning and purpose in life
Dynamic
Continually changing
Subjective
Influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings, or opinions
Disease
Is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction, or tissue damage, whereas Illness is a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury
Population groups
Males vs Female-
Males have more dangerous working conditions, more testosterone (risky)
Indigenous vs non-Indigenous-
Indigenous have higher BMI, more low SES, and poorer quality housing.
High and Low SES-
Lower health literacy in Low SES and more low birth weight babies
Living within vs Outside of major cities-
Poorer quality roads in rural, more social isolation, and more maternal smoking
H&W as a Resource
– Having optimal health and well-being acts as a resource individually, nationally, and globally by
Individually-
Gain an education/employment sleep well and exercise
Nationally-
Health system savings increased productivity/ higher average incomes and longer, healthier lives
Globally-
Reduces the risk of disease transmission across countries and promotes sustainability
Health Status Indicators
Incidence:
NEW cases of a condition
Prevalence:
TOTAL cases of the condition
Morbidity:
Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population
The burden of disease:
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY):
YLL (years of life lost) + YLD (years lost due to disability)
Life expectancy:
The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
Mortality (maternal, infant, and under 5): Number of deaths in a population. An infant is 0-1 and Maternal = mothers pregnancy
Self-assessed health status:
An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind, and their life in general.
Factors affecting HS & BOD
Smoking –
Respiratory conditions (e.g. asthma)– lung, mouth, and stomach cancer– increased risk of infection.
Alcohol –
Liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis)– injuries (road traffic, self-harm)
High BMI-
CVD, type 2 diabetes– osteoarthritis & osteoporosis
Underconsumption of vegetables and fruits-
High BMI and associated conditions–neural tube defects
Old Public Health
Government actions that focused on
Changing the physical environment to prevent the
Spread of disease. Eg: providing safe water and sanitation,
Improved nutrition and housing conditions & better work
Conditions, and quarantine laws/immunizations.
New Public Health
(aka social model of health) is an
Approach to health that expands the traditional focus on
Individual behavior change to one that considers the ways
In which physical, socio-cultural, and political environments
impact health.
Also referred to as the social model of health.
Social modal of health principles-
Acts to enable access to healthcare.
Empower individuals and communities.
Addresses the broader determinants (or factors) of
health and involves intersectoral collaboration.
Acts to reduce social inequities.
advantages (SMOH) – promotes overall health and wellbeing
and it focuses on vulnerable population groups.
limitations – health promotion messages may
be ignored and not every condtion can be prevented.
smoking
Half of all long-term smokers die prematurely, exposure to tobacco smoke can cause premature death and disease. Examples of smoking health promotion. link to ottawa charter- B- anti smoking laws, packaging rules C- ‘myquitbuddy’ community board S- Aboriginal Quitline D- informative website and info R- retrain health professionals.
unit 4 AOS 1
GNI is Gross National Income. It is the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
Countries are classified according to the GNI into four income groups.
Low income (
Characteristics of Income Groups
Economic Characteristics- levels of poverty, range of industries and average incomes
Social Characteristics- gender equality, birth rates, employment & education levels and technology
Environmental Characteristics- safe water and sanitation, housing and infrastructure.
Human development – Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities , having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
HDI– A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.
ADVANTAGES- more holistic view, takes more than just the economic aspect (e.g. GNI)
LIMITATIONS- Doesn’t include all aspect of HD like gender equality & freedom of speech
Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of disease and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of illness and disease.
Access to safe water (not contaminated)- waterborne diseases (e.g. diarrhea) and walk long distances to collect
Sanitation facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faces
Poverty Extreme poverty is living on less than US$1.90 per day and relative poverty is living on less than 50% of your country’s national average income. (food insecurity)
Inequality and discrimination treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity. Eg- increased stress and anxiety and not given the same opportunities
Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
ECONOMIC Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future. trade and range of industries and job creation & economic growth
SOCIAL Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. safe and descent working conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future. use of natural resources climate change
Global trends are patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that affects many countries and require action to be taken at a global level.
Climate Change (rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and more extreme weather events)- Eg reduced availability in food and fresh water and more infectious diseases.
Mass Migration and conflict – loss of lives due to war and increased stress and anxiety
Increased world trade and tourism- more job opportunities (for women) and increased economic growth
unit 4 AOS 2 SDGs
The Sustainable Development goals were developed by the United Nations and include 17 goals and 169 targets to be achieved by 2030.
RATIONALE- New global challenges had emerged and Progress in all areas was uneven
OBJECTIVES- end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice and address climate change
SDG 1 ‘No Poverty’ End poverty in all its forms everywhere. eradicate extreme poverty and implement social protection systems.
SDG 2 ‘Zero Hunger’ End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. end all forms of malnutrition and ensure sustainable food production.
SDG 3 ‘Good Health and Wellbeing’ Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages. reduce maternal mortality and end epidemic of communicable.
SDG 4 ‘Quality Education’ Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. ensure adequate literacy and numeracy skills.
SDG 5 ‘Gender Equality’ Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. end all forms of discrimination.
SDG 6 ‘Clean Water and Sanitation’ Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation. improve water quality
SDG 13 ‘Climate Action’ Take urgent action to combat climate change and it’s impacts. strengthen country resilience to adapt to climate change
WHO PRIORITIES
achieving universal health coverage- every country having a strong and resilient people-centered health system based on primary care, health promotions and disease preventions.
addressing health emergencies- action for countries to implement to reduce the spread of diseases.
promoting healthier populations- Achieve HWB targets of SDG3
Non-Government Organizations These are not-for profit organizations that take a different approach to aid focused on communities. Examples: funding for programs trained personnel education and training.
EXAMPLE ORGANISATIONS- World Vision Australia, Oxfam Australia and Australia Red Cross
Purpose of world vision Australia – provides assistance to children and families living in poverty. SDGs ADDRESSED: SDG 1 & SDG 3 by community development & poverty reduction.
Aid is assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements.
EMERGENCY/HUMANITARIAN Rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies : natural disasters/wars etc.
BILATERAL The provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country.
MULTILATERAL Provided through international organizations such as WHO, combines donations from several countries and then distributes them to the recipients.
Department of foreign affairs and trade (DFAT) is responsible for administering Australian international aid programs.
PRIORITIES- agriculture, fisheries and water, education and health, gender equality and empowering women and girls
Social action is about doing something to help create positive change.
FAIRTRADE helps producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.
ownership by recipient country– must be involved in deciding the type of aid which will best fit their needs
result focused- focusing on health status indicators ensures that progress in monitored
partnerships– participation of all stakeholders (use everyones strengths)
transparency & shared responsibility– all information in made available to everyone implementing the program, ensures that the purpose is transparent and ethical
OTTAWA CHARTER An approach developed by
the WHO that aims to reduce inequalities in
health. It reflects the SMOH and provides 5
action areas all of which are centered around 3
strategies for health promotion which are enabling,
mediating, and advocacy.
build healthy public policy- no smoking zones
create supportive environments- support groups
strengthen community action- community health centers
develop personal skills- teach skills at school- healthy choices
reorient health services-
Australian Dietary Guidelines
1. To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically
active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to
meet your energy needs.
2. Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following
five groups every day and drink plenty of water.
3. Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt,
added sugars and alcohol.
4. Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
5. Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
Nutrition Australia- National Nutrition Week, Healthy Eating
Pyramid, recipes and educational resources.
Dietary Change Challenges- food insecurity and advertising